begin vs. start vs. commence
Дата публикации: Feb 04, 2016 10:26:59 AM
commence verb BrE /kəˈmens/ ; NAmE /kəˈmens/ [intransitive, transitive](formal)
1. to begin to happen; to begin something
The meeting is scheduled to commence at noon.
I will be on leave during the week commencing 15 February.
commence with something The day commenced with a welcome from the principal.
commence something She commenced her medical career in 1956.
The company commenced operations in April.
to commence bankruptcy proceedings against somebody
commence doing something We commence building next week.
commence to do something Operators commenced to build pipelines in 1862.
Word Origin Middle English: from Old French commencier, comencier, based on Latin com- (expressing intensive force) + initiare ‘begin’.
"Mr. Pickwick found that his three companions had risen and was waiting his arrival to commence breakfast." Ch.Dikkens
"... things never began with Mr. Borthrop Trumbull; they always commenced." George Eliot
(he) who commences many things finishes but few - за все сразу берешься, ничего не добьешься
commence (formal) to start happening:The meeting is scheduled to commence at noon.
Traditional usage often supports the choice of commence in reference to court proceedings, religious or other ceremonies, or industrial, commercial, or military operations
some people consider "commence" to be pretentious, old-fashioned, inappropriate, bookish, or pedantic.
commence
С-Эго
begin
?С-Эго/Эго
start
?Эго/Ид
start begin start off kick off commence open
These words are all used to talk about things happening from the beginning, or people doing the first part of something.
start to begin to happen or exist; to begin in a particular way or from a particular point:When does the class start?
begin to start to happen or exist; to start in a particular way or from a particular point; to start speaking: When does the concert begin?
start or begin?
There is not much difference in meaning between these words.
Start is more frequent in spoken English and in business contexts; begin is more frequent in written English and is often used when you are describing a series of events:
The story begins on the island of Corfu.
Start is not used to mean ‘begin speaking’:
*‘Ladies and gentlemen,’ he started.
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There is not much difference in meaning between begin and start, though start is more common in spoken English:
What time does the concert start/begin?
She started/began working here three months ago.
Begin is often used when you are describing a series of events:
The story begins on the island of Corfu.
Start, but not begin, can also mean ‘to start a journey’, ‘to start something happening’ or ‘to start a machine working’:
We’ll need to start at 7.00.
Who do you think started the fire?
The car won’t start.
You can use either an infinitive or a form with -ing after begin and start, with no difference in meaning:
I didn’t start worrying/to worry until she was 2 hours late.
After the forms beginning and starting, the -ing form of the verb is not normally used:
It’s starting/beginning to rain.
*It’s starting/beginning raining.
start off (rather informal) to start happening or doing something; to start by doing or being something:The discussion started off mildly enough.
kick off (informal) to start an event or activity, especially in a particular way; (of an event, activity, etc.) to start, especially in a particular way:
Tom will kick off with a few comments.
The festival kicks off on Monday, September 13.
commence (formal) to start happening:The meeting is scheduled to commence at noon.
open to start an event or activity in a particular way; (of an event, a film/movie or a book) to start, especially in a particular way:The story opens with a murder.
Patterns
to start/begin/start off/kick off/commence/open with something
to start/begin/start off/kick off/commence/open by doing something
to start/begin/start off/commence as something
a campaign/season/meeting starts/begins/starts off/kicks off/commences/opens
a film/movie/book starts/begins/starts off/opens
1. Какие антонимы к синонимам start, begin (по аналогии back - white или cat - dog)?
2. В чем смысловое отличие между start и begin?
3. Start или begin лучше подходят в такие фразы (= контексты = смысловые структуры):
а. Она начала заниматься танцами еще в детстве. started
б. Она закончила школу и поступила в университет. finished
в. Она закончила читать книгу и положила ее на полку. ended/stopped (stopped если потом чтение будет продолжено)
г. Она начала читать книгу, но не могла вникнуть то, что читает. began (цикл)
д. Быстрее, нужно успеть к началу. the begining (цикл)
е. Конец романа был совершенно неожиданным. the end (цикл)
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Конец фильма. the end (цикл)
Начать курить. start smoking (терминальное начало)
Она закончила/начала писать книгу. finished/started her book (терминальный конец/начало)
He was five years old now, and he began to think of a pony again. Hill
After a little time, he began to talk about ponies to his parents again.
start/finish - терминальные начало и конец, уникальные (finish подразумевает complete)
begin/end - подразумевают возможность начать цикл заново
to finish school - закончить школу
to end school - отчислен
to end up the school - бросил школу
The ink has finished - закончилась штатно
The ink has ended - закончилась не штатно (вытекла/засохла)
The ink has ceased - постепенно засохла