Certain, probable or possible (Modal verbs p.6)
Дата публикации: Mar 23, 2016 6:0:9 PM
The modals are used to show that we believe something is certain, probable or possible:
Possibility:
We use the modals could, might and may to show that something is possible in the future, but not certain:
They might come later. (= Perhaps/Maybe they will come later.)
They may come by car. (= Perhaps/Maybe they will come by car.)
If we don’t hurry we could be late. (= Perhaps/Maybe we will be late)
We use could have, might have and may have to show that something was possible now or at some time in the past:
It’s ten o’clock. They might have arrived now.
They could have arrived hours ago.
We use the modal can to make general statements about what is possible:
It can be very cold in winter. (= It is sometimes very cold in winter)
You can easily lose your way in the dark. (= People often lose their way in the dark)
We use the modal could as the past tense of can:
It could be very cold in winter. (= Sometimes it was very cold in winter.)
You could lose your way in the dark. (= People often lost their way in the dark)
Impossibility:
We use the negative can’t or cannot to show that something is impossible:
That can’t be true.
You cannot be serious.
We use couldn’t/could not to talk about the past:
We knew it could not be true.
He was obviously joking. He could not be serious.
Probability:
We use the modal must to show we are sure something to be true and we have reasons for our belief:
It’s getting dark. It must be quite late.
You haven’t eaten all day. You must be hungry.
We use must have for the past:
They hadn’t eaten all day. They must have been hungry.
You look happy. You must have heard the good news.
We use the modal should to suggest that something is true or will be true in the future, and to show you have reasons for your suggestion:
Ask Miranda. She should know.
It's nearly six o'clock. They should arrive soon.
We use should have to talk about the past:
It's nearly eleven o'clock. They should have arrived by now.
MUST
must modal verb
BrE /məst/ ; NAmE /məst/ ; BrE strong form /mʌst/ ; NAmE strong form /mʌst/
1. used to say that something is necessary or very important (sometimes involving a rule or a law)
All visitors must report to reception.
Cars must not park in front of the entrance (= it is not allowed).
(formal) I must ask you not to do that again.
You mustn't say things like that.
I must go to the bank and get some money.
I must admit (= I feel that I should admit) I was surprised it cost so little.
2. (especially British English) Must you always question everything I say? (= it is annoying)
‘Do we have to finish this today?’ ‘Yes, you must.’
Note that the negative for the last example is‘No, you don't have to.’
3. used to say that something is likely or logical
You must be hungry after all that walking.
He must have known (= surely he knew) what she wanted.
I'm sorry, she's not here. She must have left already (= that must be the explanation).
4. (especially British English) used to recommend that somebody does something because you think it is a good idea
You simply must read this book.
We must get together soon for lunch.
Idioms
if you must (do something) - used to say that somebody may do something but you do not really want them to
‘Can I smoke?’ ‘If you must.’
It's from my boyfriend, if you must know.
must-see/must-read/must-have, etc. - used to tell people that something is so good or interesting that they should see, read, get it, etc.
Sydney is one of the world's must-see cities.
The magazine is a must-read in the show business world.
This is on my must-do list.
a must-have for any fan
I must say (informal) used to emphasize an opinion
Well, I must say, that's the funniest thing I've heard all week.
you’ve made your bed and you must lie in/on it - (saying) you must accept the results of your actions
you’re joking, you must be joking (informal) used to show that you are very surprised at what somebody has just said
No way am I doing that. You must be joking!
She's going out with Dan? You're joking!
you’re kidding, you must be kidding (informal) used to show that you are very surprised at something that somebody has just said
MUST
Аффективные высказывания
see "A lot cheaper" or "much more cheaper"
Условно можно выделить два эмоциональных полярных состояния человека участвующего в вербальной коммуникации: аффективное состояние (или модальное) и интеллектуальное (немодальное). Аффективное состояние характеризуется неуверенностью, растерянностью, нерешительностью, страхом, волнением, тревогой, злобой, индифферентностью и другими модальными (эмоциональными) состояниями; для интеллектуального состояния характерно уверенность, воля, решительность, императивность, спокойствие и т.п.
Аффективное состояние указывает на позицию слабого, уязвимого, демонстрирующего зависимое/подчиненное положение по отношению к человеку в интеллектуальном состоянии или к человеку в менее аффективном состоянии (см. Закон Оппозиции).
Speculation:
Мозг это машина по постоянному моделированию реальности в попытке эту реальность предсказать, а значит контролировать.
Магия речи применяется тогда, когда конфликт модели и реальности уже случился, и ЭГЦ пытается привести реальность в соответствие модели.
Фраза "I must stop smoking" может заменить собой реальный болезненный процесс отвыкания от курения.
Must, may, can + Perfect or Continuous Infinitive see GIR. U1. Live with Lightning
... Gorin must have been tortured for a moment by...
The modal verbs must, may, can used with the perfect or continuous infinitive express various degrees of supposition, i. e. probability, doubt, incredulity.
a) The verb must in such cases expresses a high degree of supposition, almost certainty. The Russian equivalents are должно быть, вероятно.
He must have worked the whole summer. He looks tired.
Он, должно быть, работал все лето. Он выглядит усталым.
Note: The verb must in this meaning is not used with the particle not. To express negation lexical means are used.
He must have been out when I rang him up.
Его, должно быть, не было дома, когда я позвонила ему.
Evidently he did not know anything about it.
Он, должно быть, ничего не знал об этом.
b) The verb may expresses uncertainty as to the fulfilment of an action, state or occurrence, supposition implying doubt. The Russian equivalents are возможно, может быть.
She may be staying with her friends at a place they have in Moscow.
Она, возможно, гостит у своих друзей в Москве.
Don't be angry with him. He may not have known about it.
Не сердись на него. Он, может быть, ничего об этом не знал.
с) The verb can expresses doubt (in interrogative sentences) or incredulity (in negative sentences). The Russian equivalents are неужели, не может быть.
Can she have told a lie?
Неужели она сказала неправду?
She can't be lying!
Не может быть, чтобы она лгала!
The form of the infinitive shows the time reference of the action. The perfect infinitive is used when the action refers to the past, the continuous infinitive refers the action to the present.
She must have done some research work in this field.
Должно быть, она занималась исследовательской работой в этой области.
She must be doing some research work in this field.
Должно быть, она занимается исследовательской работой в этой области.
XVII. Respond to (he following statements (or questions) using must, can't, may+Perfect or Continuous Infinitive:
Model: Why, there's no train 'and the platform looks deserted. The train must have left already or We can't have missed the train, we left early enough or You may have mixed up the time-table, etc.
1. Look, there's still a light in her room. 2. I was astonished to find the cottage locked and nobody expecting me. 3. She looks pale and worn out. What can have happened? 4. In the morning I rang them up to wish them a pleasant journey, but nobody answered. 5. Suddenly she burst out laughing. 6. Why is it so cold in the room? 7. Where's my textbook? I can't find it anywhere. 8. I wonder why Mother hasn't come from work yet. It's time she were here.
Possibility: may, might, could
Strong probability: must, should, ought to
see
Can vs. could vs. to be able to (ability, possibility) (Modal verbs p.1)
Must/have to/need (Modal verbs p.2)
Hill 5. Joe. Must/have got to/have to/need to/be to (Modal verbs p.3)