bank (омонимы)

Дата публикации: May 16, 2020 8:44:59 AM

Вот определения для размышления:

Омонимы — это слова, одинаковые по написании или произношению, но различные по значению (дробь — шарики для стрельбы, дробь — число).

В нашей речи часто встречаются слова, которые звучат одинаково, но не имеют ничего общего в лексическом значении. Такие лексемы называются омонимами. Что такое омонимы, можно понять, если обратиться к происхождению этого лингвистического термина. Греческий термин «омоним» (homos — одинаковый, onyma — имя) буквально значит «одинаковое имя». Омонимами являются слова, совпадающие в звучании и написании, но имеющие разное значение:

- очки в красивой оправе;
- набрать очки в игре.

Из Википедии: Омо́нимы — это слова одинаковые по написанию, но разные по значению морфемы и другие единицы языка. Термин введён Аристотелем. Не следует путать омонимы с омофонами, омографами, омоформами и паронимами.

Часто омонимы путают с многозначными словами. Многозначное слово отличает несколько значений, которые помещаются друг за другом в одной словарной статье: поток

1)стремительно текущая вода;

2) поточное производство (конвейер);

3) группа учащихся с которой проводят занятия в такой же последовательности, как и с подобными группами.

Возникает вопрос: а омонимы точно никак не связаны между собой? Они сохранились в языке/речи несмотря на некоторые проблемы с различением значений, возможно у этих слов есть общая функциональная часть, которая людьми бессознательно понимается. Почему-то в слове поток эту часть официально признают, а других примерах нет. Также иногда есть морфологическое сходство между предметами, которые слово означает.

Вот мои диванные предположения:

- Дробь: мелкие части целого
- Очки: форма
- Ключ: условие открытия/начала
- Коса: форма
- Платформа: основа, опора
- Двор: ближние окрестности
- Кол: форма
- Лук: форма
- Лист: форма (тонкая пластина)

Ласка:

Lady with an Ermine by Leonardo da Vinci (1489–1490)

Теперь про bank.

bank noun Br /bæŋk/ NAm /bæŋk/

1. for money - an organization that provides various financial services, for example keeping or lending money

I don't have much money in the bank at the end of the month.

I need to go to the bank (= the local office of a bank).

We are now in competition with the big foreign banks.

Major banks are increasing the amount they lend to small companies.

He got a large loan from the bank.

She got a bank loan to finance the purchase.

I had a meeting with the bank manager.

He was shot as he tried to foil a bank robbery.

2. in gambling - a supply of money or things that are used as money in some games, especially those in which gambling is involved

3. something collected/stored - an amount of something that is collected; a place where something is stored ready for use

a bank of knowledge

a blood/sperm bank

They intend to establish a bank of information which will be accessible to the public.

SEE ALSO bottle bank

5. of river/canal - the side of a river, canal, etc. and the land near it

We strolled along the river bank.

He jumped in and swam to the opposite bank.

on the bank/banks of something - a house on the banks of the River Severn (= on land near the river)

It's on the north bank of the Thames.

The river burst its banks after heavy rain.

6. slope - a raised area of ground that slopes at the sides, often at the edge of something or dividing something

There were low banks of earth between the rice fields.

The girls ran down the steep grassy bank.

an artificial slope built at the side of a road, so that cars can drive fast around bends

7. of cloud/snow, etc. - a mass of cloud, snow, etc., especially one formed by the wind

The sun disappeared behind a bank of clouds.

8. of machines, etc. - a row or series of similar objects, especially machines

a bank of lights/computers

She was faced with a huge bank of switches and buttons.

She was working a phone bank for the Democrats.

Из wordnet немного другая картина по употреблению (в скобках частотность)

Noun

(25)S: (n) bank (sloping land (especially the slope beside a body of water))

"they pulled the canoe up on the bank"; "he sat on the bank of the river and watched the currents"

(20)S: (n) depository financial institution, bank, banking concern, banking company (a financial institution that accepts deposits and channels the money into lending activities)

"he cashed a check at the bank"; "that bank holds the mortgage on my home"

(2)S: (n) bank (a long ridge or pile)

"a huge bank of earth"

(1)S: (n) bank (an arrangement of similar objects in a row or in tiers)

"he operated a bank of switches"

S: (n) bank (a supply or stock held in reserve for future use (especially in emergencies))

S: (n) bank (the funds held by a gambling house or the dealer in some gambling games)

"he tried to break the bank at Monte Carlo"

S: (n) bank, cant, camber (a slope in the turn of a road or track; the outside is higher than the inside in order to reduce the effects of centrifugal force)

S: (n) savings bank, coin bank, money box, bank (a container (usually with a slot in the top) for keeping money at home)

"the coin bank was empty"

S: (n) bank, bank building (a building in which the business of banking transacted)

"the bank is on the corner of Nassau and Witherspoon"

S: (n) bank (a flight maneuver; aircraft tips laterally about its longitudinal axis (especially in turning))

"the plane went into a steep bank"

Verb

(2)S: (v) bank (tip laterally)

"the pilot had to bank the aircraft"

(1)S: (v) bank (enclose with a bank)

"bank roads"

S: (v) bank (do business with a bank or keep an account at a bank)

"Where do you bank in this town?"

S: (v) bank (act as the banker in a game or in gambling)

S: (v) bank (be in the banking business)

S: (v) deposit, bank (put into a bank account)

"She deposits her paycheck every month"

S: (v) bank (cover with ashes so to control the rate of burning)

"bank a fire"

S: (v) count, bet, depend, swear, rely, bank, look, calculate, reckon (have faith or confidence in)

"you can count on me to help you any time"; "Look to your friends for support"; "You can bet on that!"; "Depend on your family in times of crisis"

source: https://www.visualthesaurus.com/

Связи:

- Наклонная или прямая плоскость
- Коллекция/сборка/кучка/ряд/гряда чего-либо

Связаны по этимологии с уступом/выступом/полкой

bank (n.1)

"financial institution," late 15c., originally "money-dealer's counter or shop," from either Old Italian banca or Middle French banque (itself from the Italian word), both meaning "table," from a Germanic source (such as Old High German bank "bench, moneylender's table"), from Proto-Germanic *bankiz- "shelf," *bankon- (see bank (n.2)). The etymonlogical notion is of the moneylender's exchange table.

As "institution for receiving and lending money" from 1620s. In games of chance, "the sum of money held by the proprietor or one who plays against the rest," by 1720. Bank holiday is from 1871, though the tradition is as old as the Bank of England. To cry all the way to the bank was coined 1956 by U.S. pianist Liberace, after a Madison Square Garden concert that was panned by critics but packed with patrons.

bank (n.2)

"natural earthen incline bordering a body of water," c. 1200, from a Scandinavian source such as Old Norse *banki, Old Danish banke "sandbank," from Proto-Germanic *bankon "slope," cognate with *bankiz "shelf" (see bench (n.)). As "rising ground in a sea or rover, shoal," from c. 1600. As "bench for rowers in an ancient galley," 1590s.

There probably was an Old English cognate but it is not attested in surviving documents. The nasalized form likely is a variant of Old Norse bakki "(river) bank, ridge, mound; cloud bank," cognate with Swedish backe, Danish bakke "hill, rising ground."

тут видны "полки"- выступы по берегам реки

Меняла и его жена. Маринус ван Реймерсвале (1539).

Тут видна "полка" - стол - стойка менялы с рядами/кучками денег

From “Where is the bank?” or how to “find” different senses of a word

bank

- the possibility to ensure the safekeeping of something valuable for regular use in the future (bank as a financial institution, seed bank and etc.)

- an elevated surface ensuring a steady and consistent process within the space it encompasses (riverbank, bank as a slope)

PHYSICAL SPACE

SENSE I

NOUN [C]: an elevated surface ensuring a steady and consistent process within the space it encompasses

I.a NOUN [C]: a raised area of land along a river or surrounding a lake that secures water from an undesirable overflow

METONYMICAL EXTENSIONS:

I.a.1 (function → shape) NOUN [C]: a prominent elevated surface VERB [INTR]: to form a prominent towering surface

EX : As the fall deepened to winter, the sky thickened, a low dark blanket of clouds banked on the mountains (COCA).

I.a.1.1 (effect →cause) VERB [TR]: to surround something with an elevated surface in order to put it in a prominent position

EX : I banked the extra pillows around the baby to keep Mm next to me, killed the TV and the lights and curled up withMm (COCA).

I.a.2 NOUN [C]: an elevated surface providing stable support for human body while sitting, esp. a bench for rowers in a boat

EX: A seat, or bench of rowers, is called a bank.

I.a.2.1 (part → whole) NOUN [C]: (in a vessel) a group of oars arranged in rows or tiers that form one functional unit

EX: I had noticed that the Zairian… had possessed no less than thirty six oars in each of her banks.

I.a.2.2 (by analogy) NOUN [C]: a significant amount of objects arranged in rows or in tiers and functionally related to each other

VERB [TR]: to arrange a significant amount of objects in rows or in tiers so that they form one functional unit

EX: And one whole wall in one room – there was a TV wall, maybe a hundred identical sets banked floor to ceiling.

I.b NOUN [C]: an elevated part of a racetrack that prevents cars from skidding off the track during the turn

VERB [TR] to surround a racetrack with an elevated surface in order to ensure a steady and safe movement of cars along the track

EX: It's a real high-banked, fast track. The straightaways are even banked, so when you get yourself in trouble, you can end up getting into either the inside wall or outside wall (COCA).

METONYMICAL EXTENSIONS:

I.b.1 (cause → effect) VERB [INTR]: to tilt while making a turn

EX : I don't think cars do bank much, they would follow the slope of the road, but it works well for boats and airplanes

NOUN [U]: a tilt made by a vehicle in order to change direction

EX : The more the inputs the steeper the bank. An airplane does not necessarily have to bank when turning but that would be considered skidding and not a coordinated turn.

I.b.1.1 (effect → cause) VERB [TR]: to make something tilt

EX : I banked the plane left a mile past the bridge (COCA).

I banked my skis to set up for a clean landing – one that wasn't going to send me into the trees – and thudded to earth (COCA).

I.c NOUN [C]: (in billiards) an elevated protective cushion that does not let the ball out of the table

EX: Vertical walls (banks in English) around the edges kept balls from falling off the table.

METONYMICAL EXTENSIONS (in billiards):

I.c.1 VERB [INTR]: to rebound from the protective cushion of a billiard table (about a ball)

EX: There are many variables that affect how a ball banks.

I.c.1.1 (effect → cause) VERB [TR]: to score a shot by driving a ball into the protective cushion of the table

EX: The object of the game is to be the first player to bank five balls in any order [88].

NOUN [C]: a shot when a ball rebounds from the cushion and gets into the pocket

EX: This is another advantage for using faster speed for banks.

SOCIAL SPACE

SENSE II

NOUN [C]: An institution responsible for storing, safekeeping and management of some valuable resources providing stable access to these resources when needed (esp. a financial institution).

VERB [TR] to store, safekeep and efficiently manage some valuable resources (when speaking of such an institution)

EX: In 2001, the US Bureau of Land Management inaugurated its Seeds of Success program, an effort to bank native US plants for restoration projects and a contributor to MSBP (COCA).

METONYMICAL EXTENSIONS:

II.1 VERB [TR]: to have something valuable stored and managed by such an institution

EX : My sister banked her daughter's cord blood when she was born, and is encouraging us to do the same with our baby… my husband and I are concerned about the cost .

The money Campbell makes will be banked in a prison account to pay his expenses, such as phone calls. (COCA)

II.1.1 (part of the process → whole process) (only in the financial domain) VERB [INTR]: To use services provided by a financial institution

EX: Opt out of receiving paper bank statements. If every U.S. household banked online, we'd save 16.5 million trees a year! (COCA: [34])

II.2 (functional contiguity) (only in the financial domain) VERB [TR]: To provide any financial services

EX : Community Bank of the Bay in Oakland also has " a fair number of dispensaries banking with us, " says its CEO, Brian Garrett. # " We used to have more, " he says, but a few years ago, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. " made it very difficult for us to bank them, " and he closed some accounts. (COCA: [31])

II.3 (container → content) NOUN [C]: A secured stock of some valuable resources

VERB [TR]: to create a stock of some valuable resources

EX: Meredith had $46,000 of her own money. This was the savings that she'd tucked away in a CD earning 1.5 percent, from her teaching job in the 1980s. (Freddy had ridiculed her for this. Let me invest it, he'd said. I'll double it in six months.) But Meredith had kept rolling over the money in that CD for no reason other than personal pride – and how relieved she was now! She had something to live on, actual legitimate money that she'd earned and banked. (COCA: [26])

II.4 (entity → location) NOUN [C]: A building housing such an institution or a place where the stock is held