IS. Would vs. should (Modal verbs p.13)
Дата публикации: May 23, 2016 7:1:39 AM
Would
Would was originally the past tense of will in the same way as should was the past tense of shall.
But while the latter has aquired new shades of meaning, would has preserved those of will.
Thus, it expresses violition, persistence referring to the past.
1. Volition.
In this meaning it is mostly used in negative sentences.
She was going away and would not say where she was going.
Она уезжала и не хотела сказать, куда едет.
2. Persistence.
I asked him not to bang the door, but he would do it.
Я попросил его не хлопать дверью, а продолжал хлопать.
Exercise 16. Insert should or would. Translate into Russian.
1. Never forget that we should always think of others and work for others. (Shaw)
Никогда не забывайте, что мы должны всегда думать о других и работать ради них (приносить им пользу)
Orig: Never forget that we should always think of others, and work for others, and lead and govern them for their own good.
2. Anna began to feel a little uncomfortable, but she would not admit it. (Fischer)
Анна начала чувствовать себя не в своей тарелке, но ни хотела признать это.
3. I had that door painted only last week,...you should be more careful. (London)
Дверь покрасили на прошлой неделе, лучше не прислоняйтесь
4. You, Patty and Priscilla, are going to college, and should realize the necessity of being prepared. (Webster)
Вы, Патти и Присцилла, собираетесь учиться и должны понимать необходимость подготовки.
5. "Then Agnes came by with Bunchie's sister," Tootie went on. "They were going to ride on the bridge, and we wanted to go... But she and Bunchie wouldn't take us." (Benson)
Потом пришла Агнес с сестрой Банчи, продолжал Тути, они собирались поехать верхом по мосту, и мы хотели присоединиться, но они не захотели взять нас с собой.
6. I tried often to get him to talk. It was not that "he wouldn't talk, it was rather that he didn't seem to hear me.. (Maltz)
Я часто пытался с ним поговорить. Не то чтобы он не хотел разговаривать, скорее казалось что он меня просто не слушал.
7. A man should always have an occupation of some kind. (Wilde)
Каждый человек должен иметь какую-нибудь дело или ремесло.
8. Every one, except Mrs. Reffold, seemed to recognize that Mr. Reffold's days were numbered. Either she did not or would not understand. (Harraden)
Каждый, кроме миссис Реффолд, похоже понимал, что дни мистера Реффолда сочтены. Либо она не могла понять этого, либо не хотела понимать.
9. Algernon: Oh! it is absurd to have a hard and fast rule about what one should read and what one, shouldn't. (Wilde)
О, это большая глупость иметь жесткое правило о том, что человек должен читать и что не должен.
10. All of her other former belongings... had either been sold or lost for non-payment of dues. Just the same, she either could not or would not work. (Dreiser)
Все бывшие её вещи были ли проданы с молотка, либо были потеряны потому что не представляли ценности. К тому же, она либо не могла работать, либо не хотела.
11. Eunice: How is she? Stella: She wouldn't eat anything but asked for a drink. (contracted) (Tennessee Williams)
Как она? Она не захотела поесть, только попросила воды.
12. "Why didn't you come before?" he said. "You should have come, instead of writing." (E. Bronte)
Почему вы не пришли раньше? спросил он, Вы должны были прийти, вместо того чтобы писать письма.
come by phrasal verb
come by (something)
(North American English) to make a short visit to a place, in order to see somebody
She came by the house.
come by something
1. to manage to get something
Jobs are hard to come by these days.
2. to receive something
How did you come by that scratch on your cheek?
hard and fast - негибкий, твёрдый, жёсткий (о правилах); строго определённый; прочный
Exercise 17. Comment on the meaning of modal verbs. Translate into Russian.
1. On the fourth day, feeling that she could beer the suspense no longer, she telephoned to Fleur and asked if she might come up to them. (Galsworthy)
На четвертый день, чувствуя, что она больше не может пребывать в таком напряжении, она позвонила Флер и спросила не зайдет ли она к ним в гости. можно ли ей прийти в гости
mental ability
uncertainty, supposition implying doubt
permission
2. I should be grateful if you would keep your hands off my business in future. (Murdoch)
Я был бы признателен если бы вы держались подальше от моих дел в будущем.
Something that is naturally expected.
Subjunctive mood, volition/persistence
3. You know you didn't dare give the order to charge the bridge until you saw us on the other side. (Shaw)
Сами знаете, что вы не посмели бы отдать приказ атаковать мост пока вы не увидели нас на другой стороне.
4. Mitch: Poker shouldn't be played in a house with women. (Tennessee Williams)
Не садись играть в покер рядом с женщинами.
Advisability
Something that is naturally expected.
5. They didn't have to worry about money. (Mansfield)
Им не пришлось волноваться о деньгах
Obligation
6. Although his residence and his family were in the country... he was frequently to be found about the restaurants and resorts of the radical section of the city. (Dreiser)
Несмотря на то, что он жил с семьей за городом, его часто можно было найти в ресторанах и других злачных местах города.
Possibility (in this meaning Passive form of the Infinitive is used unless it is a question that starts with How?) in this meaning it comes very close to that of the modal verb “can”
7. She would not answer me, of course, but went on cording the crate... And when I thought it was done with, she found a volume slipped under a chair... and she would open up the crate and put it in. (Morgan)
Она конечно не хотела отвечать, и продолжала обвязывать коробку. И когда я подумал, что она закончила, она нашла том соскользнувший под стул и она захотела снова открыть коробку и запихнуть его туда.
Volition
Volition, Persistence?
8. "I suppose you know what I've been through since that bag came this morning," said mother. "You might have had some consideration for me. There is simply no excuse for all this..." (Fischer)
Я полагаю вы знаете, о том, что я испытала с тех пор как этот пакет принесли сегодня утром, сказала мать, вы могли бы хоть немного подумать обо мне. Все это просто не простительно.
Reproach
9. You need not meet him unless you like. (Shaw)
Вам нет необходимости встречаться с ним, если вы этого не хотите.
necessity
10. He's... let me see... He can't be more than thirty, dear. (Swinnerton)
Ему, дай-ка подумать, ему просто не может быть больше тридцати, дорогая
Incredulity, doubt
11. Mischa followed her, and they were to be seen a moment later in conversation. (Murdoch)
Миша последовал за ней и через некоторое время можно было увидеть что они разговаривают.
Possibility (in this meaning Passive form of the Infinitive is used unless it is a question that starts with How?) in this meaning it comes very close to that of the modal verb “can”
12. Meanwhile, Margaret seemed to hear a faint knocking, but as no one appeared to hear it, she thought she must be mistaken. (Priestley)
Тем временем, Маргарет как будто услышала слабый стук, но поскольку никто не показал виду, что тоже слышит его, она решила, что должно быть ошиблась.
Probability or supposition
13. And of course you should have introduced us long ago. (Murdoch)
И конечно вы давным давно должны были нас представить, но вы не сделали.
Reproach
Advisibility, должны были но не сделали, но права обижаться нет
And of course you was to have introduced us long ago.
тут был бы не выполненная договоренность
14. I could not, and would not, believe that she was becoming interested in me. That could not be. (Dreiser)
Я просто не мог и не хотел верить, что она начинала мною интересоваться. Этого просто не могло быть.
Incredulity, doubt, astonishment, volition
Incredulity, doubt, astonishment
15. Anyhow, Callendar won't hear of you seeing her. (Forster)
Так или иначе, Календар даже слышать не хочет о том, что вы с ней встречаетесь
volition
16. And here now was this young and promising doctor, who could, if he would, keep her supplied with work, and might even eventually marry her. (Dreiser)
Итак вот этот подающий большие надежды молодой доктор, кто мог бы, если бы захотел, дать ей работу, и может быть даже жениться на ней в конце концов.
Possibility due to circumstances
Volition
Supposition implying doubt
17. Aubrey: What is to be her future? It is in my hands; what am I to do? (Pinero)
Какое будущее ждет её? Оно в моих руках. Как же мне поступить?
Something thought of as unavoidable.
18. Your family may object to me; and then it will be all over between us. (Shaw)
Ваша семья может возражать мне и значит все будет только между нами.
Uncertainty, supposition implying doubt
19. Rosa reflected, as the train was leaving Naples, that perhaps she ought not to have left Hunter alone. (Murdoch)
Пока поезд покидал Неаполь, Роза размышляла, что возможно ей не следовало оставлять Хантера одного.
Obligation, very often a moral obligation or duty
20. How dare he speak so to me? (E. Bronte)
Как смеет он так со мной разговаривать?
21. I need hardly say I would do anything in the world to ensure Gwendolen's happiness. (Wilde)
Едва ли мне нужно говорить, что я бы сделал что угодно в мире чтобы обеспечить счастье Гвендолин.
Necessity + subjunctive
22. How dare you address me as dear Sir, Sir? How dare you look me in the face and do it, Sir? (Dickens)
Как смеете вы обращаться ко мне как к дорогому сэру, сэр? И как вы смеете при этом смотреть мне в лицо, сэр?
23....Mama came down, and in a voice which was both astonished and distraught, exclaimed: "Grandpa is not upstairs. Where can he have gone?" (Cronin)
Мама спустилась вниз и воскликнула в смущении и ошеломлении: Дедушки нет наверху. Как и куда он мог уйти?
surprise, astonishment
24. But you might have been firing away at the Austrians still if we, cavalry fellows, hadn't found the ford and got across... (Shaw)
Но вы могли бы быть до сих пор под обстрелом Австрияков, если бы мы, кавалеристы, не нашли брод и не перешли реку.
Reproach
25. You must be dying with curiosity. Take a peep. (Shaw)
Вы должно быть умираете от любопытства. Подсмотрите
Probability or supposition
26. Madam, may I speak to you a moment? (Mansfield)
Мадам, могу я поговорить с вами?
permission
27. She gazed at me severely. "You ought to be in at your essay." (Cronin)
Она пристально и строго на меня посмотрела. Вам надлежит работать над эссе.
Obligation, very often a moral obligation or duty
28. Christy (interrupting her with an apprehensive glance at the door by which Essie went out): Sh! She may hear you. (Shaw)
Кристи (прерывая её тревожным взглядом на дверь, в которую вышла Эсси): Ш-ш! Она может услышать вас.
Possibility due to circumstances
29. The substance of her observations, along with those of others, is to be found in a series of articles published in a series of screen publications of the time. (Dreiser)
В её наблюдениях, кроме всего прочего, можно было найти ряд статей опубликованных в цикле периодических обзорных пукбликаций.
Possibility - it comes very close to that of the modal verb “can"
30. But you've got to finish college. We can't get married for a long time. (Carter)
Но тебе необходимо доучиться. Мы просто не сможем пожениться еще долгое время.
Obligation
Incredulity, doubt, astonishment
31. Cain said: "I don't have to pay to find that out.. I could have asked anybody at the meeting, and found out." (Carter)
Кейн сказал, Мне не обязательно платить чтобы узнать это. Я мог бы спросить кого-нибудь на встрече и узнать, (но я не спросил)
Obligation
Possibility
32. Soames would often come down to watch with secret pride the building of the house which was to have been his home. (Galsworthy)
Сомс хотел бы часто приходить и смотреть с затаенной гордостью на величественное здание которое должно было стать его домом (но не приходил).
would = used to - действия в прошлом на постоянной основе (would только с глаголами действия, used to - с любыми глаголами)
arrangement (not fulfiled)
33. Miss Femm opened the door. "I've none of this electric light. I won't have it. You'll have to wait till I've lit the candles." (Priestley)
Мисс Фемм открыла дверь.
Я не хочу пользоваться этим электрическим освещением. И не буду. Вам придется подождать пока я не зажгу свечи.
Volition
Obligation
34. "Well," he [James] said, with a perplexed, nervous emphasis, "I don't see what you want with a tree." "It shall come down tomorrow," said Bosinney. (Galsworthy)
Что ж, сказал озадаченный Джеймс нервно выделяя слова, Я не понимаю зачем вам дерево. Обещаю, завтра до вас дойдет, сказал Босини
Promise
35. "What are we to do?" she gasped. "Can't we stay here? Lock the door?" (Priestley)
Что же нам делать? выдохнула она, Неужели мы не можем остаться здесь? Закрыть дверь?
The Russian questions «Что мне делать? », «Как мне быть? » are rendered into English this way: “What am I to do?”
astonishment
36. I felt suddenly dizzy with pain and unable to face whatever scene was to follow. (Murdoch)
Голова у меня закружилась от боли и я почувствовал, что я не в состоянии встретить то, что дальше последует.
Something thought of as unavoidable
37. But Sally, with a towel round her, went down to the water's edge. "You're to come out this minute, Philip," she called, as though he were a small boy under her charge. (Maugham)
Но Салли, завернувшись в полотенце, спустилась к краю воды. Ты должен немедленно выйти, Филипп, позвала она, как будто он был маленьким мальчиком под её опекой.
An order which is the result of arrangement made by one person to another and this arrangement is not discussed.
38. It seemed like an age, but I suppose the whole thing can't have lasted thirty seconds really. (Forster)
Мне показалось, что прошел год, но я полагаю, что все дело просто не могло в реальности занять больше тридцати секунд.
Incredulity, doubt,
39. "Land ought to be very dear about there," he said. (Galsworthy)
Земля там должно быть очень дорога
Something that is naturally expected
I've been through that before.- Мне это известно по опыту.
distraught adjective BrE /dɪˈstrɔːt/ ; NAmE /dɪˈstrɔːt/ - extremely upset and anxious so that you cannot think clearly
She’s still too distraught to speak about the tragedy.
The child’s distraught parents pleaded for witnesses to contact the police.
1) (distraught at / over / with) смятенный, смущённый (чем-л.)
2) потерявший рассудок, обезумевший
fire away
v.
1. To start to ask questions or talk. Often used as a command:
I know you have questions, so fire away.
As soon as the candidate finished his speech, the pundits fired away with their commentaries.
2. To begin to shoot with a weapon:
The troops landed on the beach and started firing away.
I fired away at the burglar as he ran from the house.
3. To use up something by shooting it from a weapon:
The recruits fired away all of the ammunition during practice.
We fired the last bullets away at the range.
apprehensive adjective BrE /ˌæprɪˈhensɪv/ ; NAmE /ˌæprɪˈhensɪv/ - worried or frightened that something unpleasant may happen
an apprehensive face/glance/look
The long delay had made me quite apprehensive.
apprehensive about/of something I was a little apprehensive about the effects of what I had said.
You have no reason to be apprehensive of the future.
apprehensive that… She was deeply apprehensive that something might go wrong.
1) испытывающий тревогу, полный страха
2) сообразительный, восприимчивый, понятливый
find out phrasal verb
find out | find out about somebody | find out about something | find out something | find out something about somebody | find out something about something
to get some information about something/somebody by asking, reading, etc.
She'd been seeing the boy for a while, but didn't want her parents to find out.
I haven't found anything out about him yet.
find out what, when, etc… Can you find out what time the meeting starts?
find out that… We found out later that we had been at the same school.
find somebody out
to discover that somebody has done something wrong
He had been cheating the taxman but it was years before he was found out.
фраз. гл. узнать, разузнать, выяснить; понять; раскрыть (обман, тайну), обнаружить
have/want none of something - to refuse to accept something
I offered to pay but he was having none of it.
none of
When you use none of with an uncountable noun, the verb is in the singular:
None of the work was done.
When you use none of with a plural noun or pronoun, or a singular noun referring to a group of people or things, you can use either a singular or a plural verb. The singular form is used in a formal style in British English:
None of the trains is/are going to London.
None of her family has/have been to college.
perplexed adjective BrE /pəˈplekst/ ; NAmE /pərˈplekst/
confused and anxious because you are unable to understand something; showing this
a perplexed expression
She looked perplexed.
1) озадаченный, сбитый с толку, растерянный, ошеломлённый
2) запутанный, замысловатый, сложный
3) спутанный, переплетённый (о материальных объектах)
Exercise 18. Insert modal verbs and explain their use (use the contracted forms shan't, won't, shouldn't, wouldn't if necessary). Translate into Russian.
1. You must have looked lovely in a veil, Aunt Em. Didn't she, Uncle? (Galsworthy)
Вы должно быть прекрасно смотрелись в вуали, тетя Эм. Правда, дядя?
Probability or supposition
2. Won't you sit down, Mr. Anderson? I should have asked you before; but I'm so troubled. (Shaw)
Не хотите ли присесть, мистер Андерсон? Я должен был предложить вам это раньше, но я так нервничаю
Obligation + Something that is naturally expected
3. I went over to the window....The pavements were damp and reflected the yellow light. It must have rained today. (Murdoch)
Я вылез через окно. Брусчатка была влажной и блестела желтым отраженным светом. Должно быть прошел дождь
Probability or supposition
4. "Now please tell me how you are going to celebrate the great event of my having won a scholarship. Shall we have a grand sort of schoolroom treat?"... "We certainly will," replied the mother. "You have worked hard and shall have your reward." (contracted) (Meade)
Ну а теперь расскажи мне как ты собираешься отпраздновать великое событие получения мною стипендии. Давай закатим грандиозную вечеринку?
Мы так и сделаем, ответила мать, Ты упорно трудился и обещаю, ты получишь свою награду.
In questions ‘shall’ is used to inquire about something
Promise
"Now please tell me how you are going to celebrate the great event of my having won a scholarship. Shan't we have a grand sort of schoolroom treat?"... "We certainly will," replied the mother. "You have worked hard and shall have your reward." (contracted) (Meade)
5. "I mean they're sending me to New York for good. To be the head of the New York office." "I don't believe it," Mrs. Smith said... "I simply don't believe it. I think you must have lost your mind." "It's true," he said,..."I have to start a week from Saturday." (Benson)
Я хочу сказать, что меня отправляют в Нью Йорк насовсем. Главой нью-йоркского филиала.
Не могу поверить, сказала миссис Смит, Просто не могу поверить. Вы должно быть сошли с ума.
Это правда, сказал он, я должен приступить к работе с субботы.
Probability or supposition
Obligation
6. There were two letters for him. One from his guardian..., the other from his sister. The man she was engaged to... was afraid that his leave was going to be curtailed. They would have to be married at once. They might even have to get a special licence. (Galsworthy)
Для него было два письма. Одно от его опекуна, второе от сестры. Она была помолвлена с человеком, который опасался, что его отъезд собираются ускорен. Им придется пожениться немедленно. Возможно им даже придется получать специальное разрешение на это.
Obligation
A marriage license is a document issued, either by a church or state authority, authorizing a couple to marry. The procedure for obtaining a license varies between countries and has changed over time. Marriage licenses began to be issued in the Middle Ages, to permit a marriage which would otherwise be illegal (for instance, if the necessary period of notice for the marriage had not been given).
Today, they are a legal requirement in some jurisdictions and may also serve as the record of the marriage itself, if signed by the couple and witnessed.
In other jurisdictions, a license is not required. In some jurisdictions, a "pardon" can be obtained for marrying without a license, and in some jurisdictions, common-law marriages and marriage by cohabitation and representation are also recognized. These do not require a marriage license. There are also some jurisdictions where marriage licenses do not exist at all and a marriage certificate is given to the couple after the marriage ceremony had taken place.
Article 16 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights declares that "Men and women of full age, without any limitation due to race, nationality or religion, have the right to marry and to found a family. They are entitled to equal rights as to marriage, during marriage and at its dissolution. Marriage shall be entered into only with the free and full consent of the intending spouses
Marriage licences were introduced in the 14th century, to allow the usual notice period under banns to be waived, on payment of a fee and accompanied by a sworn declaration, that there was no canonical impediment to the marriage. Licences were usually granted by an archbishop, bishop or archdeacon. There could be a number of reasons for a couple to obtain a licence: they might wish to marry quickly (and avoid the three weeks' delay by the calling of banns); they might wish to marry in a parish away from their home parish; or, because a licence required a higher payment than banns, they might choose to obtain one as a status symbol.
There were two kinds of marriage licences that could be issued: the usual was known as a common licence and named one or two parishes where the wedding could take place, within the jurisdiction of the person who issued the license. The other was the special licence, which could only be granted by the Archbishop of Canterbury or his officials and allowed the marriage to take place in any church.
To obtain a marriage licence, the couple, or more usually the bridegroom, had to swear that there was no just cause or impediment why they should not marry.
The banns of marriage, commonly known simply as the "banns" or "bans" /bænz/ (from a Middle English word meaning "proclamation," rooted in Frankish and from there to Old French), are the public announcement in a Christian parish church or in the town council of an impending marriage between two specified persons. It is commonly associated with the Church of England and with other denominations whose traditions are similar; in 1983, the Roman Catholic Church removed the requirement for banns and left it to individual national conferences of bishops to decide whether to continue this practice.
The purpose of banns is to enable anyone to raise any canonical or civil legal impediment to the marriage, so as to prevent marriages that are invalid. Impediments vary between legal jurisdictions, but would normally include a pre-existing marriage that has been neither dissolved nor annulled, a vow of celibacy, lack of consent, or the couple's being related within the prohibited degrees of kinship.
7. Pearl: I sent out to the garage and gave instructions that the old Rolls-Royce is to be taken down at once and the other is to go to London. (Maugham)
Я послала в гараж распоряжение, что старый Ролс-Ройс должен быть сразу разобран, а другой должен быть отогнан в Лондон.
An arrangement or an order
8. "Tootie should have been in school this year," Mr. Smith said defiantly. "And would have been too, if you hadn't carried on so about her being the baby. She'll have to start school sometime, you know." (Benson)
Тути должна была бы ходить в школу в этом году, сказал мистер Смит с вызовом, И ходила бы, если бы вы не продолжали относиться к ней как к младенцу. И вы знаете, что ей все равно придется начать учиться когда-нибудь,
Advisability + Something that is naturally expected
Obligation
9. Hsshl He's still asleep. What shall we to do when he wakes? Shall we go up to him and wait for it? (Galsworthy)
Ш-ш! Он еще спит. Что будем делать, когда он проснется? А давайте поднимемся к нему и подождем?
In questions ‘shall’ is used to inquire about something (mostly for the first and the third person)
Hsshl He's still asleep. What should we to do when he wakes? Should we go up to him and wait for it?
Ш-ш! Он еще спит. Что нам делать, когда он проснется? Может поднимемся к нему и подождем?
Obligation, very often a moral obligation or duty.
Advisability in the meaning of some personal interest.
Hssh! He's still asleep. What are we to do when he wakes? Shall/should we go up to him and wait for it?
Что же нам делать когда он проснется?
10. Let's go over and see old Shropshire. He must have known your father well, Con. (Galsworthy)
Пойдемте к старине Шропширу. Он должно быть хорошо знал вашего отца, Кон.
Probability or supposition
Shropshire = the Marquess of Shropshire
11. "Did you have to take a cab?" "No... there was nothing much to bring." (Cronin)
Вам пришлось брать кэб? Нет, у меня нечего особенно было везти.
Obligation
12. Mrs. Ferse asked him if he had had dinner, and if he would like to go to bed; and if he would see a doctor; but he wouldn't speak, he sat with his eyes closed. (contracted) (Galsworthy)
Миссис Ферс спросила его, ужинал ли он, и не хочет ли он пойти отдыхать и не вызвать ли доктора, но он не отвечал, он просто сидел с закрытыми глазами.
Volition
13....from time to time he and Esther Norn were to be seen together. (Dreiser)
...from time to time he and Esther Norn are to be seen together.
Иногда его и Эстер Нон можно было видеть вместе
14. Paula: Ah! (She sits at the piano and touches the keys.) Lady Orreyed: Oh, yes, do play! That's the only thing I envy you for. Paula: What should I play? (Pinero)
Ах (она сидит за пианино и трогает клавиши)
О, да, сыграйте! Я единственно в этом вам завидую.
Что мне сыграть? (вопрос к леди Орейд)
Advisability
What shall I play? (вопрос себе)
Что же мне сыграть?
15. A doctor called in at this late hour...He suggested a nurse, but this Mrs. Widdle, ill as she was, wouldn't hear of. It would cost so much. (Dreiser)
Несмотря на поздний час, вызвали доктора. Он посоветовал нанять сиделку, но миссис Видл, несмотря на болезнь, слышать не хотела об этом. Это было слишком дорого.
Volition
16. You shouldn't be so careless with your things. (Gow and D’Usseau)
Вам нужно быть аккуратнее с вашими вещами
Advisabilty
You shan't be so careless with your things.
Strict order, compulsion
17. You are not to tell Dad what I told you, Mother. (Galsworthy)
Вы не скажите папе того, что я вам рассказал.
An arrangement or an order
You ought not to tell Dad what I told you, Mother.
Вам не следует передавать Отцу то, что я вам рассказал, Мама
Obligation
18....indignation against Martin ran high. No one would have anything to do with a Socialist traitor. (London)
негодование против Мартина сильно выросло. Никто не хотел иметь ничего общего с предателем социалистом.
volition
19. It's all over the town, and can injure your reputation. (Forster)
Это по всему городу, и вредит вашей репутации
possibility (strong assurance)
and may injure your reputation
Это по всему городу, и может повредить вашей репутации
supposition (a lack of assurance)
and must injure your reputation
Это по всему городу, и должно быть вредит вашей репутации
Probability or supposition
and will injure your reputation
Это по всему городу, и повредит вашей репутации
Future simple
and will injure your reputation
Это по всему городу, и повредит вашей репутации
Persistence
20. We should have children, Gretta — a lot of children. There would be no time to worry about ourselves then. (Caldwell)
Мы должны завести детей, Грета, много детей. Тогда нам некогда было бы беспокоиться о самих себе.
Advisability in the meaning of some personal interest
Something that is naturally expected.
We can have children, Gretta — a lot of children.
У нас могут быть дети
Ability, possibility
21. "O Sue!" he cried, sitting down beside her and taking her hand. "How is this! You couldn't write?" "No, it wasn't that!" she answered. "I did catch a bad cold — but I could have written. Only I wouldn't!" (contracted) (Hardy)
О, Сью, плакал он, сидя рядом с ней и держа её за руку, Как же так? Ты не могла писать?
Нет, ты не так понял, ответила она, Я действительно сильно болела, но я могла бы писать, только я не хотела.
ability
volition
22. She was always well-dressed and carried herself with an inimitable air that must have been born in her. It сould never have been acquired. (Dreiser)
Она всегда была хорошо одета и несла себя с такой непревзойденной легкостью, c которая должно быть была рождена. Этому нельзя было бы научиться.
Probability or supposition
Impossibility
23. To Zedelbush Wolff said, "Go and order your men to drop their arms. They have to leave the hotel singly and with upraised hands." (Heym)
Зедельбуш Вулф сказал, Идите и прикажите своим людям сложить оружие. Им придется покинуть отель по одному с поднятыми руками.
obligation
24. There are some houses there somewhere. We'll ask, they must have seen him. (Galsworthy)
Где-то там есть несколько домов. Мы спросим хозяев, они должно быть видели его
Probability or supposition
25. "Well, Annie," he said. "I gave Trask a dollar for his trouble." "You should not have done that, Father!' Mrs. Smith said. "After all, we do pay him to watch the house." (Benson)
Что ж, Анни, сказал он, Я дал Траску доллар за его труды.
Не надо было, отец, сказала миссис Смит, в конце концов мы ему и так платим чтобы смотрел за домом.
Advisability in the meaning of some personal interest
26. On the inland side, hills were to be seen, spotted with olive trees... (Murdoch)
В сторону берега можно было видеть холмы, с отдельными оливковыми деревьями.
Possibility
27. " Shall I ask," he said..., "what it is that is bothering you, my dear?"(Carter)
А давай-ка я спрошу, сказал он, что это тебя беспокоит, дорогуша?
In questions ‘shall’ is used to inquire about something (mostly for the first and the third person):
"Should I ask," he said..., "what it is that is bothering you, my dear?"
Я наверно должен спросить, сказал он, что это тебя беспокоит, моя дорогая?
Obligation
"Could I ask," he said..., "what it is that is bothering you, my dear?"
Могу я спросить, сказал он, что это тебя беспокоит, моя дорогая?
Polite request
"May I ask," he said..., "what it is that is bothering you, my dear?"
Могу я спросить, сказал он, что это тебя беспокоит, моя дорогая?
Permission
28. "I may be out again directly," he said to the driver, or I may be kept some time." (Galsworthy)
Я или прямо сейчас вернусь, сказал он водителю, или задержусь
Uncertainty, supposition implying doubt
"I can be out again directly," he said to the driver, or I can be kept some time."
possibility
29. You aren't to stay out so late: it makes you fit for nothing, (contracted) (Galsworthy)
Вы не должны оставаться на улице так поздно, это никуда не годится
An order which is the result of arrangement made by one person to another
go over phrasal verb
go over something
1. to examine or check something carefully
Go over your work before you hand it in.
2. to study something carefully, especially by repeating it
He went over the events of the day in his mind (= thought about them carefully).
go over (to…) - to move from one place to another, especially when this means crossing something such as a room, town or city
He went over and shook hands with his guests.
Many Irish people went over to America during the famine.
go over (with somebody) - (North American English) to be received in a particular way by somebody
The news of her promotion went over well with her colleagues.
damp adjective BrE /dæmp/ ; NAmE /dæmp/ (damper, dampest) slightly wet, often in a way that is unpleasant
The cottage was cold and damp.
It feels damp in here.
damp clothes
Wipe the surface with a damp cloth.
Idioms
a damp squib - (British English, informal) an event that is disappointing because it is not as exciting or impressive as expected
The celebrations were a bit of a damp squib.
отсыревшая петарда/хлопушка
squib noun BrE /skwɪb/ ; NAmE /skwɪb/
a small firework
for good (British English also for good and all)
permanently
This time she's leaving for good (= she will never return).
I'd like an excuse to get rid of him for good and all.
defiantly adverb BrE /dɪˈfaɪəntli/ ; NAmE /dɪˈfaɪəntli/ - in a way that shows you refuse to obey somebody/something, sometimes aggressively
вызывающе; дерзко, непокорно; демонстративно
No,’ she said defiantly.
indignation noun BrE /ˌɪndɪɡˈneɪʃn/ ; NAmE /ˌɪndɪɡˈneɪʃn/
[uncountable] indignation (at/about something) | indignation (that…) - a feeling of anger and surprise caused by something that you think is unfair or unreasonable
The rise in train fares has aroused public indignation.
Joe quivered with indignation that Paul should speak to him like that.
Some benefits apply only to men, much to the indignation of working women.
to be full of righteous indignation (= the belief that you are right to be angry even though other people do not agree)
негодование, возмущение
inimitable adjective BrE /ɪˈnɪmɪtəbl/ ; NAmE /ɪˈnɪmɪtəbl/ - too good or individual for anyone else to copy with the same effect
John related in his own inimitable way the story of his trip to Tibet.
the inimitable Frank Sinatra
неподражаемый; несравненный; неповторимый, непревзойдённый
inland adverb BrE /ˌɪnˈlænd/ ; NAmE /ˌɪnˈlænd/ in a direction towards the middle of a country; away from the coast
The town lies a few kilometres inland.
We travelled further inland the next day.
At this point, the coast road turns inland for several miles.
They were too far inland to hear the sea.
внутренняя часть страны; территория, удалённая от моря или границы
Exercise 19. Translate into English, using modal verbs.
9. Вам не к чему брать зонтик, на небе нет ни облачка.
You shouldn't take an umbrella as the sky is clear.
12. Вам незачем идти на почту, я отправлю ваше письмо.
You shouldn't go to the postoffice, I shall send your letter.
You needn't go to the postoffice, I'm going to send your letter.
lack of necessity
16. Доктор велел ей лежать в постели, но она и слышать об этом не хотела.
The doctor told her to be in bed but she wouldn't listen to him.