L.A.Hill 2. U1. Determiners & pronouns. My vs. of mine. Маркеры коннотации.

http://e-repa.ru/files/SRC-2/01/text/01.html

[There] is not enough petrol in [the] world for everybody [now], and each year [there] is less,so [what] are we going to do [when] it finishes?

Perhaps we [will] go back to horses and carriages and bicycles.

In [the] Second World War, some people did not use petrol in [their] cars.

[They] made gas from wood and plants instead, and [then] [they] put it in big bags on top of [their] cars.

[The] cars did not go fast, but it was better [than] nothing.

But we cannot cut down all our trees to make gas; we need [them] for other things too.

Besides gas, we can also use electricity for our cars, but first we must make [the] electricity!

Some countries have coal, and [they] make electricity [with] [that], but [we'll] not always have coal.

Other countries have big, strong rivers, and [these] turn turbines and make electricity more easily and cheaply.

We are also able to get power from [the] tides.

We put turbines in [the] mouth of a river.

[Then], [when] [the] tide comes up, it turns [the] turbines, and [when] it runs back towards [the] sea, it turns [them] again.

And we [know] [that] [the] waves of [the] sea can also turn turbines [when] [they] go up and down.

[Which] of all [these] things [will] make our electricity in [the] year 2000?

1. лексика

But we cannot cut down all our trees to make gas; we need [them] for other things too.

Besides gas, we can also use electricity for our cars, but first we must make [the] electricity!

We are also able to get power from the tides.

See too vs. either (vs. others)

Other countries have big, strong rivers, and these turn turbines and make electricity more easily and cheaply.

See easy vs. easily (adverbs)

2. детерминативы

we can also use electricity for our cars, but first we must make the electricity!

the world

the Second World War

the sea

the tide

the waves of the sea

the mouth of a river

3. управление/предлоги/векторы

H-> we will go back to horses and carriages and bicycles.

4. перфекты

5. модальные

what are we going to do when it finishes? vs. Perhaps, we will go back to horses and carriages and bicycles.

will go back - есть сема "нам придется вернуться"

Some countries have coal, and they make electricity with that, but we'll not always have coal.

Which of all these things will make our electricity in the year 2000?

we cannot cut down all our trees to make gas; we need them for other things too.

And we know that the waves of the sea can also turn turbines when they go up and down.

we can also use electricity for our cars, but first we must make the electricity! vs. We are also able to get power from the tides.

can vs. able to

general ability vs. particular ability (to do on one occasion)

We are also able to get power from the tides. И дальше идет объяснение, как это можно сделать

but first we must make the electricity!

здесь 6. Logically obvious deduction in affirmative sentences in the present and future. We are sure of something because it is logically necessary.

Mary must have some problem: she is crying.

There’s the doorbell. It must be Roger.

6. фразовые

[Then], [when] [the] tide comes up, it turns [the] turbines, and [when] it runs back towards [the] sea, it turns [them] again.

Coal and rivers in Y2K

http://e-repa.ru/dw/doku.php?id=grammar:blog:2014-07-21-075148

Some countries have coal, and [they] make electricity [with] [that], but [we'll] not always have coal.

Other countries have big, strong rivers, and [these] turn turbines and make electricity more easily and cheaply.

1) Почему автор текста использовал указательное местоимение that, а не, например, личное местоимение it?

2) Почему указательное местоимение these, а не личное местоимение they?

3) Почему с углём that, а с реками тогда these, а не those; или наоборот: коли с реками these, то и с углём this?

1. this/that, these/those - это проформы (по сути - метонимии)

Some countries have coal, and they make electricity with (something) that (is called “burning fossil fuel”), but we'll not always have coal.

Other countries have big, strong rivers, and these (rivers) turn turbines and make electricity more easily and cheaply.

2. А как that - this / those - these актуализируют сему “свой-чужой” = “хищник-жертва” = положительными/oralis -:- отрицательными/ani коннотациями?