What's New

December 14, 2013: Site goes live and is announced to R1a1a Ashkenazi Levite Yahoo group.

December 18, 2013: Site updated to include findings in S. Rootsi & D. Behar, et al., Phylogenetic Applications of Whole Y-Chromosome Sequences and the Near Eastern Origin of Ashkenazi Levites, Nature Communications 4, Article No. 2928 (2013).  

December 20, 2013: New page added on paper by S. Rootsi & D. Behar, et al.

December 24, 2013: New page added on Levite tombstones.

January 11, 2014: Updated versions of the R1a1a Ashkenazi Levite Sortable Spreadsheet, the Steps to Matches spreadsheet to be used in sorting the Sortable Spreadsheet, the Y-Utility spreadsheets, and the Fitch and Kitsch phylogenetic trees posted on the Y-DNA Analysis webpage.

January 14, 2014: New page added to provide information on Prague and Toledo tombstones translated by Meir G. Gover, along with information on 76 tombstones in the Ancient Jewish Cemetery of Toledo.

January 16, 2014: Pages revised to reflect Vladimir Tagankin's discovery of two SNPs, Y2742 and Y2744, that distinguish different branches of the R1a1a Ashkenazi Levite tree.

February 22, 2014: Updated versions of the R1a1a Ashkenazi Levite Sortable Spreadsheet, the Steps to Matches spreadsheet to be used in sorting the Sortable Spreadsheet, the Y-Utility spreadsheets, and the Fitch and Kitsch phylogenetic trees posted on the Y-DNA Analysis webpage.

March 30, 2014: English translation posted of Anatole Klyosov's January 30, 2014 article, Thoughts About Jewish DNA Genealogy. New page added to discuss the theory that R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites are descended from a man who entered the Jewish population 4,000 years ago, when Judaism was founded.

April 20, 2014: Substantial revisions made throughout website to reflect the initial receipt and analysis of SNP test results from full Y-DNA sequencing. SNP Analysis page updated to identify SNPs defining and dividing R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites and to post a schematic tree based upon Y-DNA SNPs. Website revised based upon new research showing that the proportion of R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites in the Ashkenazi population is substantially higher than previously believed, and new STR and SNP analyses indicating that the proportion of R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who are descended from the Horowitz rabbinical family is likely less than previously estimated.

April 27, 2014: Article provided by Anatole Klyosov posted. Professor Klyosov's article provides an analysis of R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites based upon their STR marker values and SNPs, along with some comments and criticism concerning statements posted here concerning the use of SNP analysis vis-à-vis STR analysis.

May 9, 2014: SNP Analysis page updated to add one new set of Big Y results and revised analysis based thereon.

May 26, 2014: Updated versions of the R1a1a Ashkenazi Levite Sortable Spreadsheet, the Steps to Matches spreadsheet to be used in sorting the Sortable Spreadsheet, the Y-Utility spreadsheets, and the Fitch and Kitsch phylogenetic trees posted on the Y-DNA Analysis webpage.

June 14, 2014: Y-DNA star trees added for R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who have tested to 111 markers or to at least 67 markers. Instructions updated to provide information how to create Y-DNA star trees  using phylogenetic network software from Fluxus Technology Ltd.

June 28, 2014: Page added to provide links to articles discussing the issue whether autosomal and mtDNA data point to Ashkenazi origins in Khazaria, along with an open letter from Anatole Klyosov addressing two of those articles.

June 30, 2014: Additional discussion added to page discussing theory re Adiabene origins.  Updated SNP tree posted.

July 5, 2014: SNP analysis page split into separate pages on general SNP analysis for R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites, SNP-based tree for R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites and results for individually tested SNPs, and SNP-based calculation of an age for various R1a1a Ashkenazi Levite-specific SNPs. Page added providing test results for R1a1a Ashkenazi Levite-specific SNPs.

July 12, 2014: Updated versions of the R1a1a Ashkenazi Levite Sortable Spreadsheet, the Steps to Matches spreadsheet to be used in sorting the Sortable Spreadsheet, the Y-Utility spreadsheets, and the Fitch and Kitsch phylogenetic trees posted on the Y-DNA Analysis webpage. Updated versions of Y-DNA star trees added for R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who have tested to 111 markers, to at least 67 markers, or to at least 37 markers. Page providing test results for R1a1a Ashkenazi Levite-specific SNPs revised to add new SNP results and additional STRs.

July 30, 2014: Page providing test results for R1a1a Ashkenazi Levite-specific SNPs updated to provide information concerning recently received SNP results, to make predictions concerning the SNPs of R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who have tested to at least 67 markers, and to present star trees for the groups of men who are predicted to be Y2630+ and Y2630-. Updated SNP tree posted to add newly received full Y-DNA results for a man who is Y2630-. Page on SNP-based calculation of time to an MRCA updated.

August 2, 2014: Page added to identify, by name, position, mutation, and companies reporting test results, those SNPs that characterize all R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites or branches of R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites, as well as currently private SNPs. SNP Analysis page streamlined, with subpages added for historical information on discovery of SNPs and information concerning the men who have received full Y-DNA test results.

August 9, 2014: Page providing test results for R1a1a Ashkenazi Levite-specific SNPs updated to provide information concerning recently received SNP results and to provide clusters based upon test results. New pages added to provide (1) the key STR marker values for the R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who are predicted to be Y2630+; (2) the key STR marker values for the R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who are predicted to be Y2630-; and (3) very tentative groupings into subclusters of R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who are predicted to be Y2630-.

August 30, 2014: Updated versions of the R1a1a Ashkenazi Levite Sortable Spreadsheet, the Steps to Matches spreadsheet to be used in sorting the Sortable Spreadsheet, the Y-Utility spreadsheet, and the Fitch and Kitsch phylogenetic trees posted on the Y-DNA Analysis webpage. Updated versions of Y-DNA star trees added for R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who have tested to 111 markers, to at least 67 markers, or to at least 37 markers. Updated versions of pages providing test results for R1a1a Ashkenazi Levite-specific SNPs, the key STR marker values for the R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who are predicted to be Y2630+, the key STR marker values for the R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who are predicted to be Y2630-, and very tentative groupings into subclusters of R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who are predicted to be Y2630-. Page added to explain issues with STR-based calculations of the time to an MRCA shared by two men.

August 31, 2014: New page posted with Professor Anatole Klyosov's haplotype trees for and analysis of R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites. New page posted with colloquy between Professor Klyosov and Jeff Wexler concerning use of STRs to predict SNPs. 

November 4, 2014: Updated versions of the R1a1a Ashkenazi Levite Sortable Spreadsheet, the Steps to Matches spreadsheet to be used in sorting the Sortable Spreadsheet, and the Y-Utility spreadsheet posted on the Y-DNA Analysis webpage. Posted updated versions of pages providing test results for R1a1a Ashkenazi Levite-specific SNPs, the key STR marker values for the R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who are predicted to be Y2630+, the key STR marker values for the R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who are predicted to be Y2630-, and very tentative groupings into subclusters of R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who are predicted to be Y2630-.

November 8, 2014: Materials updated to reflect discovery of FGC18222, an SNP parallel to Y2630 that appears to be found in the majority of R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who are Y2630-. Separate pages created for actual SNP results for R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites and predicted SNP results for R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites. Posted revised tree of SNPs found in R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites. Posted updated versions of pages providing the key STR marker values for the R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who are predicted to be Y2630+, the key STR marker values for the R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who are predicted to be Y2630-, and tentative groupings into subclusters of R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who are predicted to be Y2630-.

December 14, 2014: Updated versions of the R1a1a Ashkenazi Levite Sortable Spreadsheet, the Steps to Matches spreadsheet to be used in sorting the Sortable Spreadsheet, the Y-Utility spreadsheet, and the Fitch and Kitsch trees posted on the Y-DNA Analysis webpage. Posted updated versions of pages providing test results for R1a1a Ashkenazi Levite-specific SNPs, predicted SNPs for R1a1a, Ashkenazi Levites along with star trees for the R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites predicted to be Y2630+ and those predicted to be Y2630-, the key STR marker values for the R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who are predicted to be Y2630+, the key STR marker values for the R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who are predicted to be Y2630-, and very tentative groupings into subclusters of R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who are predicted to be Y2630-. New page added with the key STR marker values for the R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who are not currently predicted to be Y2630+ or Y2630-.

February 16, 2015: Updated versions of the R1a1a Ashkenazi Levite Sortable Spreadsheet, the Steps to Matches spreadsheet to be used in sorting the Sortable Spreadsheet, the Y-Utility spreadsheet, and the Fitch and Kitsch trees posted on the Y-DNA Analysis webpage. Posted updated versions of pages providing: (1) predicted SNPs for R1a1a, Ashkenazi Levites along with star trees for the R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites predicted to be Y2630+ and those predicted to be Y2630-; (2) the key STR marker values for the R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who are predicted to be Y2630+; (3) the key STR marker values for the R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who are predicted to be Y2630-; (4) the key STR marker values for the R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who are not currently predicted to be Y2630+ or Y2630-; and (5) very tentative groupings into subclusters of R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who are predicted to be Y2630-. Posted updated versions of pages providing (1) STR mutation frequencies generally and STR deviation frequencies among R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites; and (2) ranked deviations in STR marker values among R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites.

April 18, 2015: Updated versions of the R1a1a Ashkenazi Levite Sortable Spreadsheet, the Steps to Matches spreadsheet to be used in sorting the Sortable Spreadsheet, the Y-Utility spreadsheet, and the Fitch and Kitsch trees posted on the Y-DNA Analysis webpage. Posted updated versions of pages providing: (1) predicted SNPs for R1a1a, Ashkenazi Levites along with star trees for the R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites predicted to be Y2630+ and those predicted to be Y2630-; (2) the key STR marker values for the R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who are predicted to be Y2630+; (3) the key STR marker values for the R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who are predicted to be Y2630-; (4) the key STR marker values for the R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who are not currently predicted to be Y2630+ or Y2630-; and (5) very tentative groupings into subclusters of R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who are predicted to be Y2630-. Posted updated versions of pages providing (1) STR mutation frequencies generally and STR deviation frequencies among R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites; and (2) ranked deviations in STR marker values among R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites. Posted instructions on obtaining samples without test kit.

June 27, 2015: Updated versions of the R1a1a Ashkenazi Levite Sortable Spreadsheet, the Steps to Matches spreadsheet to be used in sorting the Sortable Spreadsheet, the Y-Utility spreadsheet, and the Fitch and Kitsch trees posted on the Y-DNA Analysis webpage. Posted updated versions of pages providing: (1) predicted SNPs for R1a1a, Ashkenazi Levites along with star trees for the R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites predicted to be Y2630+ and those predicted to be Y2630-; (2) the key STR marker values for the R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who are predicted to be Y2630+; (3) the key STR marker values for the R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who are predicted to be Y2630-; (4) the key STR marker values for the R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who are not currently predicted to be Y2630+ or Y2630-; and (5) very tentative groupings into subclusters of R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who are predicted to be Y2630-. Posted updated versions of pages providing (1) STR mutation frequencies generally and STR deviation frequencies among R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites; and (2) ranked deviations in STR marker values among R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites. 

September 19, 2015: Updated versions of the R1a1a Ashkenazi Levite Sortable Spreadsheet, the Steps to Matches spreadsheet to be used in sorting the Sortable Spreadsheet, the Y-Utility spreadsheet, and the Fitch and Kitsch trees posted on the Y-DNA Analysis webpage. Posted updated versions of pages providing: (1) predicted SNPs for R1a1a, Ashkenazi Levites along with star trees for the R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites predicted to be Y2630+ and those predicted to be Y2630-; (2) the key STR marker values for the R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who are predicted to be Y2630+; (3) the key STR marker values for the R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who are predicted to be Y2630-; (4) the key STR marker values for the R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who are not currently predicted to be Y2630+ or Y2630-; and (5) very tentative groupings into subclusters of R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who are predicted to be Y2630-. Posted separate page with currently unclustered R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who are predicted to be Y2630-, based upon patterns of STR marker values. 

December 19, 2015: Updated versions of the R1a1a Ashkenazi Levite Sortable Spreadsheet, the Steps to Matches spreadsheet to be used in sorting the Sortable Spreadsheet, the Y-Utility spreadsheet, and the Fitch and Kitsch trees posted on the Y-DNA Analysis webpage. Posted updated versions of pages providing: (1) predicted SNPs for R1a1a, Ashkenazi Levites along with star trees for the R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites predicted to be Y2630+ and those predicted to be Y2630-; (2) the key STR marker values for the R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who are predicted to be Y2630+; (3) the key STR marker values for the R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who are predicted to be Y2630-; (4) the key STR marker values for the R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who are not currently predicted to be Y2630+ or Y2630-; (5) the key STR marker values for the currently unclustered R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who are predicted to be Y2630-, based upon patterns of STR marker values; and (6) very tentative groupings into subclusters of R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who are predicted to be Y2630-.  

January 23, 2016: Updated versions of the R1a1a Ashkenazi Levite Sortable Spreadsheet, the Steps to Matches spreadsheet to be used in sorting the Sortable Spreadsheet, the Y-Utility spreadsheet, and the Fitch and Kitsch trees (except the 37-marker Fitch tree) posted on the Y-DNA Analysis webpage. Posted updated versions of pages providing: (1) predicted SNPs for R1a1a, Ashkenazi Levites along with star trees for the R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites predicted to be Y2630+ and those predicted to be Y2630-; (2) the key STR marker values for the R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who are predicted to be Y2630+; (3) the key STR marker values for the R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who are predicted to be Y2630-; (4) the key STR marker values for the R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who are not currently predicted to be Y2630+ or Y2630-; (5) the key STR marker values for the currently unclustered R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who are predicted to be Y2630-, based upon patterns of STR marker values; and (6) very tentative groupings into subclusters of R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who are predicted to be Y2630-.  

April 24, 2016: Updated versions of the R1a1a Ashkenazi Levite Sortable Spreadsheet, the Steps to Matches spreadsheet to be used in sorting the Sortable Spreadsheet, the Y-Utility spreadsheet, and the Fitch and Kitsch trees (except the 37-marker Fitch tree) posted on the Y-DNA Analysis webpage. Posted updated versions of pages providing: (1) predicted SNPs for R1a1a, Ashkenazi Levites along with star trees for the R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites predicted to be Y2630+ and those predicted to be Y2630-; (2) the key STR marker values for the R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who are predicted to be Y2630+; (3) the key STR marker values for the R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who are predicted to be Y2630-; (4) the key STR marker values for the R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who are not currently predicted to be Y2630+ or Y2630-; (5) the key STR marker values for the currently unclustered R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who are predicted to be Y2630-, based upon patterns of STR marker values; and (6) very tentative groupings into subclusters of R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who are predicted to be Y2630-.  

May 28, 2016: Updated versions of the R1a1a Ashkenazi Levite Sortable Spreadsheet, the Steps to Matches spreadsheet to be used in sorting the Sortable Spreadsheet, the Y-Utility spreadsheet, and the Fitch and Kitsch trees (except the 37-marker Fitch tree) posted on the Y-DNA Analysis webpage. Posted updated versions of pages providing: (1) predicted SNPs for R1a1a, Ashkenazi Levites along with star trees for the R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites predicted to be Y2630+ and those predicted to be Y2630-; (2) the key STR marker values for the R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who are predicted to be Y2630+; (3) the key STR marker values for the R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who are predicted to be Y2630-; (4) the key STR marker values for the R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who are not currently predicted to be Y2630+ or Y2630-; (5) the key STR marker values for the currently unclustered R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who are predicted to be Y2630-, based upon patterns of STR marker values; and (6) very tentative groupings into subclusters of R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who are predicted to be Y2630-.  Posted updated versions of pages providing (1) STR mutation frequencies generally and STR deviation frequencies among R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites; and (2) ranked deviations in STR marker values among R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites.

July 12, 2016: Posted: (1) SNP tree for R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites and their closest matches identified on FTDNA's match pages; and (2) revised R1a1a Ashkenazi Levite Sortable Spreadsheet, adding FTDNA-reported SNPs, Big Y-reported SNPs, and tentative predictions for SNPs (posted on the Y-DNA Analysis webpage).

July 23, 2016: Updated versions of the R1a1a Ashkenazi Levite Sortable Spreadsheet, the Steps to Matches spreadsheet to be used in sorting the Sortable Spreadsheet, the Y-Utility spreadsheet, and the 67- and 111-marker Fitch and Kitsch trees posted on the Y-DNA Analysis webpage.  Posted five new pages to incorporate results of full Y-DNA testing: (1) actual and predicted SNPs for R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites, along with star trees for all R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites; (2) key STR marker values for R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who have done full Y-DNA testing; (3) key STR marker values and star trees for R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who are predicted to be Y2630+; (4) key STR marker values and star treesfor R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who are predicted to be FGC18222+; and (5) key STR marker values and star trees for R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who are predicted to be Y2619*.  Posted updated star trees for R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who have tested to 111, 67, or 37 markers.  Removed seven pages: (1) predicted SNPs for R1a1a, Ashkenazi Levites along with star trees for the R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites predicted to be Y2630+ and those predicted to be Y2630-; (2) the key STR marker values for the R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who are predicted to be Y2630+; (3) the key STR marker values for the R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who are predicted to be Y2630-; (4) the key STR marker values for the R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who are not currently predicted to be Y2630+ or Y2630-; (5) the key STR marker values for the currently unclustered R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who are predicted to be Y2630-, based upon patterns of STR marker values; and (6) very tentative groupings into subclusters of R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who are predicted to be Y2630-; and (7) test results for R1a1a Ashkenazi Levite-specific SNPs.

November 27, 2016: Updated versions of the R1a1a Ashkenazi Levite Sortable Spreadsheet, the Steps to Matches spreadsheet to be used in sorting the Sortable Spreadsheet, the Y-Utility spreadsheet, and the 37-, 67-, and 111-marker Fitch and Kitsch trees posted on the Y-DNA Analysis webpage.  Posted updated versions of the following pages: (1) actual and predicted SNPs for R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites, along with star trees for all R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites; (2) key STR marker values for R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who have done full Y-DNA testing; (3) key STR marker values and star trees for R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who are predicted to be Y2630+; (4) key STR marker values and star treesfor R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who are predicted to be FGC18222+; (5) key STR marker values and star trees for R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who are predicted to be Y2619*; and (6) updated star trees for R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who have tested to 111, 67, or 37 markers.

February 11, 2017: Updated versions of the R1a1a Ashkenazi Levite Sortable Spreadsheet, the Steps to Matches spreadsheet to be used in sorting the Sortable Spreadsheet, the Y-Utility spreadsheet, the 67- and 111-marker Fitch trees, and the 37-, 67-, and 111-marker Kitsch trees posted on the Y-DNA Analysis webpage.  Posted updated versions of the following pages: (1) actual and predicted SNPs for R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites, along with star trees for all R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites; (2) key STR marker values for R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who have done full Y-DNA testing; (3) key STR marker values and star trees for R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who are predicted to be Y2630+; (4) key STR marker values and star treesfor R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who are predicted to be FGC18222+; (5) key STR marker values and star trees for R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who are predicted to be Y2619*; and (6) updated star trees for R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who have tested to 111, 67, or 37 markers. Posted updated versions of pages providing (1) STR mutation frequencies generally and STR deviation frequencies among R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites; and (2) ranked deviations in STR marker values among R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites. Added page with list of Aleppo Levites prepared by Meir Gover.

May 9, 2017: Added page with information on the Thessaloniki Jewish Cemetery provided by Meir Gover, including a list of 1,200 Jews buried in that cemetery in the 16th and 17th centuries.

May 28, 2017: Updated versions of the R1a1a Ashkenazi Levite Sortable Spreadsheet, the Steps to Matches spreadsheet to be used in sorting the Sortable Spreadsheet, the Y-Utility spreadsheet, the 37-, 67-, and 111-marker Fitch trees, and the 67- and 111-marker Kitsch trees, and new 37-, 67-, and 111-marker Neighbor trees, posted on the Y-DNA Analysis webpage.  Posted updated versions of the following pages: (1) actual and predicted SNPs for R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites, along with star trees for all R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites; (2) key STR marker values for R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who have done full Y-DNA testing; (3) key STR marker values and star trees for R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who are predicted to be Y2630+; (4) key STR marker values and star trees for R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who are predicted to be FGC18222+; (5) key STR marker values and star trees for R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who are predicted to be Y2619*; and (6) updated star trees for R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who have tested to 111, 67, or 37 markers. 

August 6, 2017: Updated versions of the R1a1a Ashkenazi Levite Sortable Spreadsheet, the Steps to Matches spreadsheet to be used in sorting the Sortable Spreadsheet, the Y-Utility spreadsheet, the 111-marker Fitch tree, the 37-, 67-, and 111-marker Kitsch trees, and the 37-, 67-, and 111-marker Neighbor trees posted on the Y-DNA Analysis webpage.  Posted updated versions of the following pages: (1) actual and predicted SNPs for R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites, along with star trees for all R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites; (2) key STR marker values for R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who have done full Y-DNA testing; (3) key STR marker values and star trees for R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who are predicted to be Y2630+; (4) key STR marker values and star trees for R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who are predicted to be FGC18222+; (5) key STR marker values and star trees for R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who are predicted to be Y2619*; and (6) updated star trees for R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who have tested to 111, 67, or 37 markers. Posted updated versions of pages providing (1) STR mutation frequencies generally and STR deviation frequencies among R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites; and (2) ranked deviations in STR marker values among R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites. 

November 2, 2017: Posted webpage discussing Dr. Doron Behar's paper on R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levites published on November 2, 2017. Posted Build 19 Big Y tree for R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levites on the Y-DNA Analysis webpage. 

December 2, 2017: Posted Hg38 Big Y tree for R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levites on the Y-DNA Analysis webpage and an updated version of the schematic Big Y tree for R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levites.  Updated versions of the R1a1a Ashkenazi Levite Sortable Spreadsheet, the Steps to Matches spreadsheet to be used in sorting the Sortable Spreadsheet, the Y-Utility spreadsheet, the 111-marker Fitch tree, the 67- and 111-marker Kitsch trees, and the 37-, 67-, and 111-marker Neighbor trees posted on the Y-DNA Analysis webpage.  Posted updated versions of the following pages: (1) actual and predicted SNPs for R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites, along with star trees for all R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites; (2) key STR marker values for R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who have done full Y-DNA testing; (3) key STR marker values and star trees for R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who are predicted to be Y2630+; (4) key STR marker values and star trees for R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who are predicted to be FGC18222+; (5) key STR marker values and star trees for R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who are predicted to be Y2619*; and (6) updated star trees for R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who have tested to 111, 67, or 37 markers.

December 12, 2017: Updated page with SNPs for R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levites to identify, by SNP name, mutation, and Hg 38 and Hg 19 positions, all SNPs that (1) are at the Y2619 level (and, thus, are shared by all R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levites) and (2) define a branch of the R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levite tree (i.e., those SNPs that are below the Y2619 level and have been found in more than one R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levite).

January 6, 2018: Posted 67- and 111-marker SAPP trees for R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levites on the Y-DNA Analysis webpage.

January 26, 2018: Posted Hg38 Big Y tree for R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levites on the Y-DNA Analysis webpage and an updated version of the schematic Big Y tree for R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levites, with results for R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levites (and their closest matches, R1a-CTS6 and R1a-F1345 men) who have received Big Y results as of January 26, 2018.  Posted webpage with observations about Big Y test results for R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levites.  Updated page with SNPs for R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levites to identify, by SNP name, mutation, and Hg38 and Hg19 positions, all SNPs that (1) are at the Y2619 level (and, thus, are shared by all R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levites) and (2) define a branch of the R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levite tree (i.e., those SNPs that are below the Y2619 level and have been found in more than one R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levite).

March 2, 2018: Posted updated Hg38 Big Y tree for R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levites on the Y-DNA Analysis webpage and an updated version of the schematic Big Y tree for R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levites, with results for R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levites (and their closest matches, R1a-CTS6 and R1a-F1345 men) who have received Big Y results as of March 2, 2018.  Updated page with SNPs for R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levites to identify, by SNP name, mutation, and Hg38 and Hg19 positions, all SNPs that as of March 2, 2018 (1) are at the Y2619 level (and, thus, are shared by all R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levites) and (2) define a branch of the R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levite tree (i.e., those SNPs that are below the Y2619 level and have been found in more than one R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levite).

May 14, 2018: Posted page with observations on 561-marker STR results for R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levites.  Updated page re STR deviation frequencies to include 561-marker results. Updated version of the R1a1a Ashkenazi Levite Sortable Spreadsheet (including a new page with 561-marker results), the Steps to Matches spreadsheet to be used in sorting the Sortable Spreadsheet, the Y-Utility spreadsheet, the 111-marker Fitch tree, the 67- and 111-marker Kitsch trees, and the 67- and 111-marker Neighbor trees posted on the Y-DNA Analysis webpage. Posted updated version of the page with actual and predicted SNPs for R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites.

September 29, 2018: Posted FTDNA Haplotree for R1a-Y2619 as of September 29, 2018 on the R1a-Y2619 SNP tree webpage.  Posted updated Hg38 Big Y tree for R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levites on the Y-DNA Analysis webpage and an updated version of the schematic Big Y tree for R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levites, with results for R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levites (and their closest matches, R1a-CTS6 and R1a-F1345 men) who have received Big Y results as of September 29, 2018.

November 3, 2018:  Updated versions of the R1a1a Ashkenazi Levite Sortable Spreadsheet, the Steps to Matches spreadsheet to be used in sorting the Sortable Spreadsheet, the 111-marker Fitch tree, the 67- and 111-marker Kitsch trees, and the 37-, 67-, and 111-marker Neighbor trees posted on the Y-DNA Analysis webpage.  Posted updated versions of the following pages: (1) actual and predicted SNPs for R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites, along with star trees for all R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites; (2) key STR marker values for R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who have done full Y-DNA testing; (3) key STR marker values and star trees for R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who are predicted to be Y2630+; (4) key STR marker values and star trees for R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who are predicted to be FGC18222+; (5) key STR marker values and star trees for R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who are predicted to be Y2619*; and (6) updated star trees for R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who have tested to 111, 67, or 37 markers.  Posted updated Hg38 Big Y tree for R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levites on the Y-DNA Analysis webpage and an updated version of the schematic Big Y tree for R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levites, with results for R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levites (and their closest matches, R1a-CTS6 and R1a-F1345 men) who have received Big Y results as of November 3, 2018.

January 16, 2019: Posted pages on: (1) the Y-DNA ancestral lines of Ashkenazi Jews; and (2) Y-DNA and mtDNA haplogroup frequencies for Ashkenazi Jews (and the haplogroup-specific pages linked therefrom).

March 10, 2019: Updated versions of the R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levite Sortable Spreadsheet (including the first set of 700-marker results received by R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levites), the Steps to Matches spreadsheet to be used in sorting the Sortable Spreadsheet, the 111-marker Fitch tree, the 67- and 111-marker Kitsch trees, and the 37-, 67-, and 111-marker Neighbor trees posted on the Y-DNA Analysis webpage.  Posted updated versions of the following pages: (1) actual and predicted SNPs for R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites, along with star trees for all R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites; (2) key STR marker values for R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who have done full Y-DNA testing; (3) key STR marker values and star trees for R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who are predicted to be Y2630+; (4) key STR marker values and star trees for R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who are predicted to be FGC18222+; (5) key STR marker values and star trees for R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who are predicted to be Y2619*; and (6) updated star trees for R1a1a Ashkenazi Levites who have tested to 111, 67, or 37 markers.  Posted updated Hg38 Big Y tree for R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levites on the Y-DNA Analysis webpage and an updated version of the schematic Big Y tree for R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levites, with results for R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levites (and their closest matches, R1a-CTS6 and R1a-F1345 men) who have received Big Y results as of March 10, 2019.

June 9, 2019: Meir Gover's schematic of the R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levite tree, the World Patronymic Tree of Levites, is downloadable from his Academia page (with creation of a free account).  (The document should be opened in Chrome; scroll over the red notepad for information concerning the men in each cluster.)

August 11, 2019: Updated versions of the R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levite Sortable Spreadsheet, the Steps to Matches spreadsheet to be used in sorting the Sortable Spreadsheet, the 111-marker Fitch tree, the 67- and 111-marker Kitsch trees, and the 37-, 67-, and 111-marker Neighbor trees, with results received through August 11, 2019, posted on the Y-DNA Analysis webpage.  Posted updated versions of the following pages: (1) actual and predicted SNPs for R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levites; (2) key STR marker values for R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levites who have done full Y-DNA testing; (3) key STR marker values for R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levites who are predicted to be Y2630+; (4) key STR marker values for R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levites who are predicted to be FGC18222+; and (5) key STR marker values for R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levites who are predicted to be Y2619*.  Posted updated Hg38 Big Y tree for R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levites on the Y-DNA Analysis webpage and an updated version of the schematic Big Y tree for R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levites, with results for R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levites (and their closest matches, R1a-CTS6 and R1a-F1345 men) who have received Big Y results as of August 11, 2019.

December 22, 2019: Updated versions of the R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levite Sortable Spreadsheet, the Steps to Matches spreadsheet to be used in sorting the Sortable Spreadsheet, the 111-marker Fitch tree, the 67- and 111-marker Kitsch trees, and the 37-, 67-, and 111-marker Neighbor trees, with results received through December 22, 2019, posted on the Y-DNA Analysis webpage.  Posted updated versions of the following pages: (1) actual and predicted SNPs for R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levites; (2) key STR marker values for R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levites who have done full Y-DNA testing; (3) key STR marker values for R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levites who are predicted to be Y2630+; (4) key STR marker values for R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levites who are predicted to be FGC18222+; and (5) key STR marker values for R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levites who are predicted to be Y2619*.  Posted updated Hg38 Big Y tree for R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levites on the Y-DNA Analysis webpage and updated versions of the SNP tree and the schematic SNP tree for R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levites, with results for R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levites (and their closest matches, R1a-CTS6 and R1a-F1345 men) who have received Big Y results as of December 22, 2019.

February 23, 2019: Posted updated Hg38 Big Y tree for R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levites on the Y-DNA Analysis webpage and an updated version of the schematic Big Y tree for R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levites, with results for R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levites (and their closest matches, R1a-CTS6 and R1a-F1345 men) who have received Big Y results as of December 22, 2019. Moved pages on (1) the Y-DNA ancestral lines of Ashkenazi Jews and (2) Y-DNA and mtDNA haplogroup frequencies for Ashkenazi Jews (and the haplogroup-specific pages linked therefrom) to https://sites.google.com/view/ashkenazi-y-dna-and-mtdna.

May 16, 2020: Replaced pages and subpages on Y-DNA Ancestral Lines of Ashkenazi Jews and Y-DNA and mtDNA Haplogroup Frequencies for Ashkenazi Jews with updated and expanded analyses posted at https://sites.google.com/view/ashkenazi-y-dna-and-mtdna/.

May 23, 2020: Reorganized materials that had previously been posted on, or as subpages to, the Y-DNA Analysis page by creating new pages for: (1) SNP-based trees for R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levites (including actual and predicted SNP-based clusters and key STR marker values for R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levites who have done Big Y testing); (2) STR marker values for R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levites (including the R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levite Sortable Spreadsheet); (3) the time to a Most Recent Common Ancestor for the R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levite cluster; (4) observations concerning Big Y results for R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levites; and (5) the use of tools to analyze Y-DNA results. Posted updated versions of: (1) the SNP tree and the schematic SNP tree for R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levites; (2) the R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levite Sortable Spreadsheet, the Y-Utility spreadsheet with STR marker values, and the Steps to Matches spreadsheet for use with the Sortable Spreadsheet; (3) the 67- and 111-marker Kitsch trees and the 37-, 67-, and 111-marker Neighbor trees; (4) actual and predicted SNPs for R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levites; (5) key STR marker values for R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levites who have done full Y-DNA testing; (6) key STR marker values for R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levites who are predicted to be Y2630+; (7) key STR marker values for R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levites who are predicted to be FGC18222+; (8) key STR marker values for R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levites who are predicted to be Y2619*; (9) STR Mutation Frequencies Generally and STR Deviation Frequencies Among R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levites; and (10) Ranked Deviations in STR Marker Values Among R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levites.

August 22, 2020: Posted new version of the schematic Big Y tree for R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levites, updated to include new results and revised extensively to conform to Big Y-700 results and to make it easier to see upstream SNPs and clustering. 

November 22, 2020: Posted updated versions of: (1) the SNP tree and the schematic SNP tree for R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levites; (2) the R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levite Sortable Spreadsheet, the Y-Utility spreadsheet with STR marker values, and the Steps to Matches spreadsheet for use with the Sortable Spreadsheet; (3) the 67- and 111-marker Kitsch trees and the 37-, 67-, and 111-marker Neighbor trees; (4) actual and predicted SNPs for R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levites; (5) key STR marker values for R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levites who have done full Y-DNA testing; (6) key STR marker values for R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levites who are predicted to be Y2630+; (7) key STR marker values for R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levites who are predicted to be FGC18222+; and (8) key STR marker values for R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levites who are predicted to be Y2619*.  

May 22, 2021: Posted updated versions of: (1) the SNP tree and the schematic SNP tree for R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levites; (2) the R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levite Sortable Spreadsheet, the Y-Utility spreadsheet with STR marker values, and the Steps to Matches spreadsheet for use with the Sortable Spreadsheet; and (3) the 111- and 67-marker Kitsch trees and the 37-, 67-, and 111-marker Neighbor trees.

July 3, 2021: Website reformatted and rewritten as a result of Google's phase-out of its classic website. Minor revisions and updates have been made throughout the website; some page names have been shortened, and subpages have been made subpages. The pages with the most significant revisions are: (1) the home page, which has been revised to include information about the website and its evolution over time;  and the page about the Horowitz rabbinical family, which now includes some discussion that had been elsewhere on the website.  Posted updated versions of the following pages: (1) key STR marker values for R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levites who have done full Y-DNA testing; (2) key STR marker values for R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levites who are predicted to be Y2630+; (3) key STR marker values for R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levites who are predicted to be FGC18222+; and (4) key STR marker values for R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levites who are predicted to be Y2619*. 

August 21, 2021: Posted updated versions of the SNP tree and the schematic SNP tree for R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levites, which can now be be accessed by clicking on a link rather than downloading the Excel file at the bottom of the page.

December 24, 2021: Posted updated versions of: (1) the SNP tree and the schematic SNP tree for R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levites; (2) the R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levite Sortable Spreadsheet, the Y-Utility spreadsheet with STR marker values, and the Steps to Matches spreadsheet for use with the Sortable Spreadsheet (each of which may now be downloaded by clicking on a link rather than downloading a file at the bottom of the page); and (3) the 111- and 67-marker Kitsch trees and Neighbor trees and the 111-marker Fitch tree (each of which may now be accessed by clicking on a link rather than downloading a file at the bottom of the page).

June 18, 2022: Posted updated versions of: (1) the SNP tree and the schematic SNP tree for R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levites; (2) the R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levite Sortable Spreadsheet, the Y-Utility spreadsheet with STR marker values, and the Steps to Matches spreadsheet for use with the Sortable Spreadsheet (the latter two spreadsheets do not include steps to matches at 37 markers because the dataset is now too large to permit generation of a spreadsheet for all men who have tested to 37 markers); and (3) the 111- and 67-marker Neighbor and Kitsch trees.

July 2, 2022: Updated TMRCA page to post estimated ages of Ra1-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levite clusters and subclusters based upon FTDNA's Haplogroup Report for R-Y2619 and the YFull YTree for R-Y2619.  Added SNPTree generated on Dave Vance's SAPP website to SNP-Based Trees page.

September 5, 2022: Updated TMRCA page to post estimated ages of Ra1-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levite clusters and subclusters based upon: (1) FTDNA's Haplogroup Report for R-Y2619 using revised methodology adopted as of early September 2022; and (2) the YFull YTree for R-Y2619. 

December 31, 2022:  Posted updated versions of the SNP tree and the schematic SNP tree for R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levites.  Updated TMRCA page to post estimated ages of Ra1-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levite clusters and subclusters based upon FTDNA's Haplogroup Story pages for each R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levite cluster and subcluster.

July 1, 2023:  Posted updated versions of the SNP tree and the schematic SNP tree for R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levites.  Posted updated versions of: (1) the SNP tree and the schematic SNP tree for R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levites; (2) the R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levite Sortable Spreadsheet, the Y-Utility spreadsheet with STR marker values, and the Steps to Matches spreadsheet for use with the Sortable Spreadsheet (the latter two spreadsheets do not include steps to matches at 37 markers because the dataset is now too large to permit generation of a spreadsheet for all men who have tested to 37 markers); and (3) the 111- and 67-marker Neighbor trees and Kitsch trees.

July 21, 2023:  Posted page on reported geographic origins of R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levites.

July 22, 2023:  Posted new version of schematic SNP tree for R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levites on SNP-Based Tree page, including information previously posted on spreadsheets linked from that page. The posted tree includes each R1a-Y2619 branch (linked to the page for that branch on FTDNA's Discover Tool, along with the age of each branch as reported by the Discovery Tool), along with surnames, kit numbers, and reported ancestral countries for each man in the branch. Posted updated versions of the SNP tree and the schematic SNP tree for R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levites.

October 29, 2023: Posted page on Timeline of Full Y-DNA Testing for R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levites.

February 18, 2024:  Posted on SNP-Based Tree page updated versions of: (1) schematic SNP tree for R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levites with links to and information from FTDNA's Discover Tool; and (2) the full and schematic SNP trees for R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levites. Posted updated version of page on Timeline of Full Y-DNA Testing for R1a-Y2619 Ashkenazi Levites.