Native to Mexico and Guatemala this late flowering culinary sage is a lovely addition to the herb garden. It is a tender perennial and requires a, sheltered, sunny position. Grow in moist, well-drained soil, plants should not be allowed to dry out if grown in a pot. 

Propagate by tip or semi-hardwood cuttings and pinch out tips of young plants to encourage a bushy plant. The leaves, when crushed release a strong pineapple scent. Both leaves and flowers may be used as a garnish in drinks and salads.

These bulbous plants are native to South Africa and are a wonderful addition to the late autumn garden. They should be planted in spring in free draining soil and given a sunny position as they do not tolerate water logged conditions. It is best not to divided them until they become congested.

This lovely, pure white nerine has sentimental value and to ensure I do not lose it I prefer to grow it in pots. N. 

Bowdenii ‘Alba’ has an RHS Award of Garden Merit.

Having read a blog on ‘grow your own saffron’ I could not resist the temptation to experiment and ordered some bulbs earlier this year. To my delight the bulbs have flowered and I shall be harvesting saffron, albeit a modest amount, in the coming days!

 Crocus sativus is a crocus from the ancient world and is prized for its orange stigmas which provide saffron, a spice renowned for its flavouring properties. Saffron was once grown commercially in Saffron Waldon in England today, it is said that Iran, Kasmir & Spain produce the best quality saffron. The stigmas must be harvested by hand which is labour intensive making the spice more expensive than gold. 

This crocus requires a position in full sun and ideally should have dry conditions through the summer months.

Native to Brazil and Uruguay, this late flowering evergreen shrub is a lovely addition to the autumn garden and a magnet for butterflies and bees. It grows best in a sunny, sheltered spot and dislikes continuous wet or dry conditions.

Prune after flowering and propagate by cuttings in late summer.

E. bifida has an RHS Award of Garden Merit.

I love the resilience of this viticella-type clematis as it is planted in a rather inhospitable area of the garden but continues to flower from July until late in the season. It was bred by a Jesuit monk in Warsaw and is ideal for scrambling over shrubs, pergolas or arbours. Clematis should be planted deeply in well-prepared soil preferably with some shade provided at the base. It may be pruned back to the lowest pair of buds in late Feb or early March.

C. ‘Polish Spirit’ has goodresistance to clematis wilt and has an RHS Award of Garden Merit.

A desirable, clump-forming crocosmia with rich orange and mahogany funnelshaped flowers. The genus has its origins in South A frica. It is undemanding in cultivation but grows best in well-drained soil in an open position. Divide in spring when clumps become congested. Crocosmia is attractive to pollinating insects and makes an excellent long lasting cut flower. 

C. ‘Emily McKenzie’ has an RHS Award of Garden Merit.

This month I’m concentrating on purple and blue flowering plants. L. ‘Hadspen Purple’ provides a strong colour contrast to warmer hued flowers in the late summer garden. It is perfectly hardy but requires a fertile, sunny, well-drained position in the garden. To propagate, divide clumps in spring. 

In common with most blue/purple flowers it attracts a variety of pollinating insects.

V. bonariensis is native to South America (Brazil to Argentina) and a valuable addition the garden as it is easy to cultivate, has a long flowering season and is attractive to pollinating insects. The long wiry stems bear lots of small lilac-purple flowers that add height and movement to the border, patio or scree bed.

It prefers a sunny spot in well-drained soil and is a prolific self seeder especially in gravel.

A clump forming hardy perennial with rounded umbels of deep blue flowers and is a perfect plant for the courtyard or patio. This smaller agapanthus is ideal for growing in pots and never fails to provide a much welcome display of flowers every year. When grown in pots, it benefits from watering in hot spells and a high potash liquid feed every two weeks to promote flowering. 

A. campanulatus is dormant in winter and usually does not require protection.

A graceful, slow growing grass with bright yellow linear leaves striped with green. In autumn the leaves take on a pink or reddish hue. 

This grass grows best in moist soil in a semi-shaded position, although I grow it in pots in full sun! 

It may be used in a variety of ways; to create movement in formal courtyard gardens, as a border edging, en masse in a woodland setting, cascading overwalls and embankments and in containers. 

Cut back withered grass in spring before new growth appears. 

H. macra ‘Aureola’ has an RHS Award of Garden Merit.

This lovely, slow growing evergreen shrub arose at Glanleam Estate, Co. Kerry in the 1950s. 

It is valued for its cheerful dark green leaves with golden edges, clusters of small white flowers in late July - August and lovely peeling cinnamon-coloured bark. 

It grows best in well-drained soil in sun or partial shade. It requires a sheltered spot as it may be damaged by frost in inland areas.

L. ‘Glanleam Gold’ has an RHS Award of Garden Merit.

A vigorous repeat-flowering climbing rose with clusters of small sweetly scented pink blooms on almost thornless stems. 

It was bred in 1920 by George C. Thomas Jr, a renowned American golf course designer, rose breeder and writer and named after the family estate Bloomfield Farm, Philadelphia.

It is sometimes confused with R. ‘Cecile Brunner’ but distinguished by elongated leafy sepals surrounding the flower buds. 

Propagate by semi-hardwood cuttings in late summer.

This highly fragrant, semi-double rose is a modern sport of the ancient. Apothecary’s rose. It is a compact and undemanding shrub. Flowering can be prolonged by frequent deadheading. Prune by removing the oldest stems. The open flowers are most attractive to bees. R. gallica ‘Versicolor’ has an RHS Award of Garden Merit.

A medium sized, deciduous shrub with deliciously fragrant pure white flowers with maroon blotches at the centre. On warm evenings the orange blossom scentis carried on the breeze. Grow in sun or partial shade  and prune after flowering.

Old stems may be removed to encourage new growth from the base. P. ‘Belle Étoile’ has an RHS Award of Garden Merit

With dark, almost black foliage and pretty, lemon scented flowers this is a much more attractive shrub than the common elder. S. ‘Black Beauty’ has three seasons of interest, dramatic foliage in late spring, pink flowers in summer and rich black berries in autumn. It will grow in most soils, in sun or partial shade.

The flowers may be used to make a tisane or ruby coloured cordial and the berries are used in preserves and winemaking. In the past, natural dyes were extracted from the leaves (yellow/green), berries (blue/purple & bark (grey/black). Sambucus is very beneficial to a variety of wildlife.

Jovellana violacea (teacup flower, violet slipper flower)

A suckering, evergreen sub-shrub, native to Chile. It is regarded as tender but survived winter 2010 in my garden. It can grow to 60cm in height and 1 metre in width. The masses of small, bell shaped lavender flowers with yellow throat and maroon spots have a magical quality when viewed at dusk. It requires a sunny spot with good drainage and is easily propagated by taking cuttings in late summer. I grow Clematis ‘ Polish Spirit’ through my shrub to give added interest later in the season. J. violacea was highly regarded by the great plantsman Graham Stuart Thomas and has been awarded an RHS Award of Garden Merit.

Celmisia semicordata (Mountain daisy)

Native to New Zealand, this rosette forming, evergreen alpine is happiest growing in a rockery or scree bed as it requires a well-drained sunny position. The silvery sword-shaped leaves are most attractive, as are the daisy-like white flowers with yellow centres. Propagate by division in spring or by sowing seeds when fresh. On my wish list is an Irish cultivar, Celmisia ‘David Shackleton’ with its brilliant white-silver leaves.

Laburnum (golden chain, golden rain)

This was one of the first trees planted in my garden, I chose an exposed inhospitable, rocky location at the highest point in the garden but it has thrived and given years of pleasure in late May. On sunny days the buzzing of hundreds of pollen-laden bees can be heard as they flit from flower to flower. Laburnum can be grown as a freestanding tree or trained over a pergola or walkway. A number of large public gardens feature laburnum tunnels or arches, once such arch at Bodnant Garden in North Wales is renowned for its beauty. All parts of the tree especially the seedpods are toxic.

Tulipa clusiana ‘Cynthia’

This elegant tulip with creamy yellow and red petals has a long flowering period and becomes more beautiful as it ages. T. ‘Cynthia’ is suitable for growing in pots, border or naturalized in grass. It requires good drainage and a sunny position where it will increase slowly. To ensure flowering the following year remove seed heads immediately after flowering but allow the foliage to die back naturally. T. ‘Cynthia’ has an RHSI Award of Garden Merit.

Syringa vulgaris  (common lilac)

Although somewhat out of favour with contemporary gardeners, lilac has always featured in my garden both past and present. The heady scent fills me with nostalgia and marks the early days of summer.  Lilac has origins in Eastern Europe and Asia but it was the Lemoine family in France who, in the 1870’s began an extensive breeding programme and many of the best hybrids are associated with their name.  The French love affair with lilac continues with shops displaying buckets of fresh blooms outside their premises for the enjoyment of passers by. Today there are over 2000 named cultivars worldwide.

Prunus ‘Shirotae ‘ (Mount Fuji cherry)

A very beautiful tree with wide spreading, almost horizontal branches, forming a canopy. It has two seasons of interest, masses of semi-double white flowers in spring and golden yellow foliage in autumn. I grow Rosa ‘New Dawn’ through my tree to add summer interest. P. ‘Shirotae’ has an RHS Award of Garden Merit.

Anemone nemorosa Robinsoniana (wood anemone)

This lovely little woodland plant named after the renowned gardener and author William Robinson brings much delight when it reappears every spring. The delicate blue petals open to the sun and close on dull days. It requires little care and spreads steadily; propagate by division after flowering. A. nemorosa Robinsoniana has an RHS Award of Garden Merit.

Narcissus ‘Yellow Cheerfulness’

We can never have enough narcissus to bring us through the grey, damp days of early spring. I have always grown N. ‘Cheerfulness’ but N. ‘Yellow Cheerfulness’ is even more special. Several double flowers may be borne on each stem and they are beautifully fragrant. Grow in pots or in the border, deadhead when flowers have faded and allow the foliage to die naturally. N. ‘Yellow Cheerfulness’ has an RHS Award of Garden Merit.

Fritillaria meleagris (snake’s head fritillary)

A bulbous perennial with distinctive checkerboard patterned flowers. This curious little fritillary always elicits comment from visitors. Grow in free-draining soil in semi-shade. Suitable for containers, borders, rockeries or naturalised in grass. Propagate by seed or by division in late summer. Allow leaves to die back naturally. F. meleagris has an RHS Award of Garden Merit.

I like to grow the smaller narcissi in terracotta pots so that I can enjoy their beauty at close quarters. This ‘hoop petticoat’ narcissus is the earliest to flower in my garden and is such a delight on cold wintry days.  N. ‘Artic Bells’ appears delicate but it is vigorous and long- lived.  It grows best in free draining soil in a sunny position and is suitable for naturalising.

Helleborus ‘Frostkiss Moondance’

This lovely hellebore is the latest addition to my collection; it was a thoughtful gift from the trainee judges on completion of their course in 2022.  A stunning plant, it has settled happily in a semi-shaded position in my garden.  The dark green leaves with silver marbling have year round interest and the pure white, forward facing flowers with lime green centre have great impact in the winter garden. Hellebores have a long flowering season from Jan-April and are a great source of nectar for bumblebees. Feed in spring and autumn and remove old damaged leaves before the new flowers appear. 

Another stalwart among the early flowering bulbs and one of the most reliable dwarf narcissus. With its deep golden colour and slightly reflexed perianth segments it makes a cheery sight in pots, rock gardens and borders.  As the cultivar name suggests a conversation between two people, each stem may carry two or more flowers. N. ‘Tête à Tête’ has been awarded an RHS Award of Garden Merit.

This lovely snowdrop originated in the garden of Phil Cornish near Lapworth , Gloucestershire. G. ‘Lapwing is identified by the bold x shape on the inner segments. It flowers early and does best in partial shade. Galanthus require dry conditions during their dormant period. Propagate by division after flowering.

The bulbs contain an alkaloid, galantamine, which is used to treat memory loss.

Some consider it unlucky to bring snowdrops indoors but their many variations can be better appreciated when viewed at eye level. Snowdrops symbolize rebirth and hope. 

Diosma  ‘Pink Fountain’ 
(breath of heaven, confetti bush)

A slightly tender, evergreen aromatic shrub with a succession of tiny star-like pink/white flowers through winter and spring, indeed this delightful shrub is rarely out of flower.  Because of its compact habit, diosma is an ideal subject for a container.  It prefers a sunny spot.  Prune after flowering and propagate by softwood cuttings or by seed. The fine foliage is useful for miniature and petite exhibits.

A delightful, early flowering crocus, native to Hungary and the Balkans. It self seeds readily so it is good for naturalizing in lawn, rockery or woodland area. It grows best in sun but will tolerate partial shade and is especially effective when grown in drifts. C. tommasinianus has an RHS  Award of Garden Merit.

This month my featured plants are from the greenhouse/indoors. I love the brilliant scarlet flowers of this tender, tuberous perennial. It requires good light but a position in strong sunlight should be avoided. Take care not to overwater. To propagate, remove the small protuberances with leaves attached that appear on the side of the stems and pot up in compost with added grit.  P.’Ardens’ has an Award of Garden Merit from the RHS. 

On a visit to a specialist nursery in the UK some years ago the striking indigo blue colour of this streptocarpus caught my eye. The genus is native to South Africa where it grows in profusion in wooded ravines and on river banks, it requires similar conditions to thrive indoors; good light but kept out of direct sunshine. Water from below when the soil appears dry and feed during the flowering season. Propagate by leaf cuttings.

An old Regal pelargonium named for John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute and UK Prime Minister 1762-1763. A desirable pelargonium with velvety, deep claret pink- edged flowers. It has a long flowering season from June – Nov.  Grow in a sunny spot, water well and feed during the flowering season. Deadhead spent flowers to encourage repeat flowering.  It may be moved outdoors during summer. Reduce watering in winter and keep in a frost-free place. Easily propagated by cuttings in late summer.  P. ‘Lord Bute’ has an AGM from the RHS.

A hardy, deciduous rhododendron native to Europe and the Caucasus, it is the parent of many hybrids. It is prized for its display of very fragrant yellow flowers in late spring and later for its glorious autumn foliage colour.  It grows best in humus rich neutral to acid soil, in a semi-shaded position. Plant near a path to enjoy the scented flowers in late spring and wonderful colour in autumn.  I grow Jasminum officinale  ‘Aureovariegatum’ through this rhododendron to add scent and interest in summer. 

This shrub hails from the Himalayas and China, it was introduced into the British Isles in 1824. In Victorian times it was planted in large country estates to provide food and cover for pheasants. The flowers and berries are very attractive to wildlife. Because its seeds are frequently spread by birds, it is sometimes regarded as a pest by gardeners but it has many uses for the floral artist; the striking tassel like inflorescence with purple bracts are most attractive, the green hollow stems are useful in contemporary design and for creating constructions. To encourage fresh green stems for winter display cut back hard in March.    

The Ilex family has much to offer year round but are particularly attractive in the winter months with their glossy green leaves and cheery red berries. I chose this particular one because it is self-fertile and has a narrow conical habit, its ultimate height in 20-50 years is six metres. Both the flowers and berries are very attractive to wildlife. To maintain the conical shape prune wayward branches in winter for use in indoor decoration. In Celtic mythology the holly tree represented peace and goodwill and was planted near homes to protect from lightning. I. ‘Pyramidalis’ has an RHS Award of Garden Merit.

A most useful, mat forming perennial, with pale pink flower spikes deepening to red as they mature. It is very tolerant of most soils and conditions and an excellent choice for front of border, rock garden or used as ground cover. Persicaria is very attractive to bees and other pollinating insects. Propagate by division in spring or autumn.  P.  ‘Superbum’ has an RHS Award of Garden Merit

The brilliant golden, evergreen foliage adds a warm glow if placed among more sombre green shrubs. Small honey scented, white flowers appear in late winter or early spring.  Grow in a sunny, sheltered position in well-drained acid to neutral soil.  E. ‘Albert’s Gold’ has an RHS Award of Garden Merit.

This lovely, hardy nerine with blush-pink, wavy, scented petals is an elegant addition to the late autumn garden. The summer dormant bulbs require good drainage, they can be planted in pots or in the border, ideally, one third of the bulb should remain visible above the compost/soil. Feed every two weeks during Sept/Oct with a general fertilizer. Propagate by division or seed.  

A hardy sub-shrub, originating in the wetlands and mountainous areas of South Africa. I grow this geranium for its very beautiful velvety grey- green leaves, although the purple veined pink flowers are also attractive. 

It has a spreading habit but can be kept within limits by pruning. It will grow well in a moist area of the garden but I grow it in a dry border where it is equally happy. Propagate by cuttings or seed.

This beautiful North American variety was discovered growing wild near the town of Anna, Ohio, in the early 1900s. H. ‘Annabelle’ has stunning spherical, creamy-white bracts accompanied by fresh green leaves. It grows best in moist well-drained soil in sun or partial shade. It is very hardy and can tolerate low temperatures. The bracts may be dried for winter decoration. Avoid over feeding or a position in deep shade as this may result in sappy growth. Prune at the end of February to maintain a shapely shrub.  Easily propagated by semi-hardwood cuttings in late summer. H. ‘Annabel’ has an RHS Award of Garden Merit.

This very tall (2m-3m) stately, perennial herb never fails to make a statement in the garden. It has many seasons of interest and is widely used in cooking and medicine. Early in the year the fresh green fern-like leaves are most attractive when added to a posy and are frequently used for garnish or seasoning in fish dishes. The yellow, flowers are a magnet for pollinating insects. Seeds taste of aniseed, they can be collected in autumn and dried for flavouring. If left to over winter, the skeleton seed heads are even more beautiful when encrusted by frost. Fennel has a tendency to seed around with abandon!

A graceful, hardy, arching shrub with beautiful racemes of long lasting violet flowers from Aug – Oct.
Native to China, B. lindleyana was introduced to the West in 1843 by Robert Fortune and named for the botanist Dr John Lindley.
Grow in a sheltered position in sun or partial shade. Propagate by semi-ripe cuttings in late summer.
It has a tendency to sucker. In common with all buddleja, it very attractive to pollinating insects.

Alstroemeria is native to South America and named for Swedish botanist Baron Klas von Alstromer, who collected seeds in Spain in 1753.
The flowers of A. ‘Indian Summer’ are quite dramatic with their copper-orange, yellow streaked petals and bronze foliage. 
Harvest by pulling stems rather than cutting as this encourages more flowering stems.
Grow in a sheltered position in sun/partial shade. When plants are exposed to too much heat, flowering is reduced and large tuberous roots are produced instead.

A rhizomatus, evergreen perennial native to South East Australia and first collected by botanist Ronald Dunn in Tasmania in 1837.

The flowers are insignificant but the deep blue berries are most attractive, in the past they were used as a dye by the indigenous people.
The strap-like leaves are sturdy and have been used in basketry.
Dianella grows best in partial shade. Propagate by division.

The flowers of this Alba rose are short lived but their delicate form (particularly in bud), scent and lovely grey-green foliage makes them a worthwhile addition to the summer garden.
Both Redouté and Parsons included R. ‘Céleste’ in their illustrations of roses. The great garden designer Gertrude Jekyll commented on its beauty.
In common with most old roses, it does well in almost any situation in the garden. This particular one grows happily in an exposed north-easterly position on a rather dry bank. Alba roses require little pruning.
R. ‘Céleste’ has an RHS Award of Garden Merit.

Many years ago on a visit to Ilnacullin (Garnish Island) I saw a most impressive specimen of this shrub. As a native of Australia it was thriving in that particular microclimate.
The aromatic, evergreen leaves and brilliant crimson flowers make it a most striking shrub. It is sometimes regarded as tender but here, it survived the harsh winter of 2010.
The flowers are a magnet for bees and other pollinating insects. The seed capsules are particularly long lasting and attractive. Propagate by cuttings or seeds.
C. ‘Splendens’ has an RHS Award of Garden Merit.

This elegant perennial with evergreen foliage and racemes of flowers in shades of pink or white held on slim stems hails from Chile.
Its elegant habit lends itself to use in wedding pedestals and bouquets.
It is very hardy but will not tolerate wet conditions. I grow it at the edge of a border, in sun and also in partial shade.
It tends to self–seed in dry, inhospitable places and thrives there. It can expand rapidly but may be cut back severely when required.
Propagate in spring by division or by seeds. This year I am growing a white variety from seed.

This month I’ve chosen a trio of plants noted for their scent. I feel that summer has truly arrived with the flowering of this lovely shrub. The word philadelphus is a Latinized form of the ancient Greek word philadelphos meaning “brotherly love”. Although situated in the cooler part of the garden, P. ‘Aureus’ with its golden leaves and deliciously scented flowers is the earliest to flower. I chose a site out of full sun to avoid leaf scorch.  The flowers are short lived but I cannot resist picking bunches to enjoy indoors. I do not remove the leaves, but use the boil method to condition and then add some flower food. Philadelphus may be pruned after flowering.  P. ‘Aureus’ has an RHS Award of Garden Merit.

I favour old roses, as they are less demanding than modern hybrids. This very old moss rose bred in France in 1863 has very eye-catching crimson flowers fading to a deep rose shade. 

The double flowers are very fragrant as is the moss on the buds and calyces. It is a sturdy, self - supporting rose and grows well in a sunny spot in my garden. 

The dried petals make a lovely addition to pot-pourri. It too has an RHS Award of Garden Merit.

I have yet to see this slow growing, dwarf variety of the Oleaceae family for sale in commercial outlets and I’m pretty certain that I sourced it at a plant sale organised by my local horticultural society.  It is native to the foothills of the Himalayas in India and fully hardy if grown in an area with good drainage. Because of the diminutive nature of its evergreen leaves and flowers it could remain unnoticed until warmed by the sun when its powerful perfume invites the gardener to take notice. It is ideal for a rock garden as it rarely grows above 1‘ tall and spreads very slowly. In this garden it grows in full sun and very dry soil, this year I have taken the precaution to root some cuttings.

I value this beautiful shrub, with its large, pure white flowers and attractive peeling stems because I received it as a cutting from an AOIFA Past President and friend Marie Geran. Its arching habit makes it an ideal shrub for a bank, slope or woodland area. The lightly scented, tissue paper-like flowers appear at intervals along the stem and are attractive to pollinating insects.
It is named after the village of Benenden, Kent, where Collingwood ‘Cherry’ Ingram’s renowned garden is located.
It is undemanding as to site or soil and may be pruned annually. Propagate by semi-hardwood cuttings in Aug- Sept. 
R. ‘Benenden’ has been awarded an AGM by the RHS. 

The original double flowered aquilegia often seen in 17c Dutch flower-pieces represented the dove of peace and also symbolized the Holy Spirit in religious paintings.
The common name ‘columbine’ comes from the Latin columba, ‘dove’. Today there are many beautiful, long-spurred hybrids in the family.
Equally at home in a small town garden or in impressive drifts in larger gardens, this easy care perennial with its nodding flowers is a delight in early summer.
Aquilegia also has delicate, attractive foliage but it tends to yellow as the season progresses, so it should be removed to allow fresh foliage to emerge.  It tolerates most growing conditions and has a tendency to self-seed.

Each May I look forward to finding the flawless white flowers of lily of the valley nestling in their shield-like leaves in a shady corner of the garden. The scent is delightfully fresh and green. The French celebrate La Fête du Muguet (Lily of the Valley Day) on the 1st of May and there is a long tradition of presenting a posy of flowers to loved ones on this day. A symbol of good luck and happiness, lily of the valley is often used in bridal bouquets.
It is a woodland plant, here in my garden it grows in both sun and shade but the flowers are longer lasting when grown in shade. Mulch in autumn, propagate by dividing rhizomes from Oct-Mar. 

We tend to associate tulips with the Netherlands rather than their place of origin, Central Asia. Tulips were widely grown in the Ottoman Empire but the Dutch saw the commercial possibilities of this wonderous bulb, so there should be little surprise that from 1634-1637, Tulip Mania dominated commerce in the Netherlands.
The most expensive ‘flamed tulip’,  Semper Augustus was at the centre of this frenzy that ended in financial ruin for many.
Despite the disastrous outcome of tulipomania, the world did not fall out of love with the genus. Today, thanks to Dutch bulb growers we have a wide selection tulips to beautify our gardens and homes. My choice is the elegant ‘lady tulip’. Despite its delicate appearance, it is quite sturdy, flowers reliably every year and is beautiful both in containers and in the border.  

The name rosmarinus is derived from the latin ros =dew and marinus= of the sea and refers to its habitat. A lovely prostrate shrub with aromatic foliage and deep blue flowers, it is particularly effective growing over a wall or bank where it can cascade gracefully.  It has been grown and used since ancient times and has long been associated with the Virgin Mary, hence my choice for the month of May. In the Tudor period gilded sprigs of rosemary were exchanged at weddings. It is very attractive to bees and other pollinating insects, has medicinal properties and is widely used in cooking. It requires a sunny spot and is easily propagated from cuttings in May/June, fortunately, it tends to self seed in my garden.

Originating in Japan, enkianthus was first introduced to England in the late 1800’s. The genus name is Greek in origin. It is a member of the Ericaceae family and the flowers are attractive to bees.
This deciduous shrub has a quiet charm, it is grown for its profusion of small bell-shaped flowers in May and brilliant autumn foliage. It requires acid to neutral soil and prefers light woodland conditions.
Partner with other acid loving shrubs. 

The seeds of this lovely shrub were originally collected in Yunnan, China in 1890  by the plant collecting missionary priest,  Jean Marie Delavay and sent to French nurseryman, Vilamorin. Although Vilamorin distributed the seeds widely, just one germinated and this lone survivor was later propagated and distributed by the nursery. 
A slow growing evergreen with toothed leaves that could easily go unnoticed but for the appearance of  the small, white tubular flowers with their delicious jasmine-like scent in March/April.  O. delavayi was awarded an RHS Award of Garden Merit in 1923. 

This little primula, a cross between Primula vulgaris and Primula juliae could be described as modest when compared to the rather loud, large flowered hybrids appearing on sales benches today.
It is a very old primula, semi-evergreen and one of the hardiest.  It can be grown in sun or partial shade and as it increases rapidly it can be divided anually.  P. ‘Wanda’ was awarded an RHS Award of Garden Merit in 1919. 

Much as I enjoy the cheery yellows of the early flowering narcissus, I love the elegance and beauty of this old variety.  The multi-headed flowers of N. ‘Thalia’ appear in mid-spring and despite their delicate appearance they are long-lasting both in the garden and as a cut flower.  In Greek mythology, ‘Thalia’ was one of the Three Graces and the name derives from the Greek, “to flourish”, as indeed it does. 

A late winter/early spring flowering bulbous perennial. The strap-like leaves smell of onion but the delicate flowers have a pleasant scent. To complement the flowers I grow in a blue ceramic container.
I find that ipheions flower intermittently throughout the year. They make a long-lasting cut flower for a tiny posy. I. ‘Wisley Blue has an RHS Award of Garden Merit. 

This Irish cultivar was first grown at the National Botanic Gardens, Glasnevin. It is an evergreen shrub with rounded leathery mid-green leaves and wine tinted  catkins appearing in mid-winter.
It is best grown in a sheltered position and may achieve 4m in height. G ‘Glasnevin Wine’ has an RHS Award of Garden Merit.

What a delight to see these pale blue flowers with intricately marked falls open in the depth of winter. First introduced in 1958, this bulbous perennial is one of the earliest to flower in my collection of small iris.
To fully appreciate the delicate blooms I grow in clay pots and place them on a garden table. To aid drainage some grit is added to the compost.  I. ‘Katherine Hodgkin’ has an RHS Award of Garden Merit.   

A beautiful, winter flowering gem that first arose in a Co. Down garden and was later introduced by the renowned Slieve Donard Nursery.  The rich colouring and veining on the petals make it especially attractive.
It grows well in poorer soil but requires a sunny spot in the garden. The flowers are prone to slug damage so preventative measures should be taken, untidy leaves should also be removed in late autumn.
This Irish cultivar is rarely found in commercial outlets but occasionally appears on sales tables organized by plant societies.

Hedera is either loved or loathed by the gardener. Loved for its variety, ease of cultivation and ability to camouflage ugly walls but sometimes loathed for its habit of rapid growth, overwhelming trees and structures.
It is frequently used  for topiary, container gardening and as groundcover. Because of its versatility and long lasting qualities when cut, it is considered invaluable by floral artists and can be used  in period/classic/petite/contemporary designs. All the above are worthy of a place in my garden. 

Although this tree is evergreen and lovely in all seasons it has special appeal in late winter/early spring, when the diminutive yellow flowers at the leaf axis exude the sweet scent of vanilla.
The species, Azara microphylla is native to Chile and Argentina but this desirable cultivar with variegated, box-like leaves arose in the garden of W.E. Gumbleton, Cobh, Co. Cork. 
Because of its elegant habit it makes an ideal specimen tree. It requires some shelter from cold, drying winds. Propagate by semi-hardwood cuttings in summer.   

This very attractive crab apple has a long season of interest, from its delightful pink tinged white flowers that appear in April/May to masses of glowing red  fruits in autumn that persist until well into February. It is self-fertile, disease resistant and ideal for the smaller garden.
Grow in sun or partial shade in well-drained soil and enjoy the lovely cheery fruits until the birds begin to feast on them in early spring. 

A graceful arching shrub originating in Japan. Stephanandra is lovely in all seasons but especially so in late autumn when leaf colour is bright yellow/orange. Having retained its leaves this specimen in my garden was photographed post Storm Barra, but even after leaf fall the glowing brown stems are attractive.
Because of its arching habit it is much used by floral artists in traditional designs. Grow in any ordinary well-drained soil, in sun or partial shade. Propagate by rooted suckers.
Stephanandra incisa is a smaller species with a similar arching habit more suited to use in contemporary design.  

A native of Japan, S. japonica was first described by the Swedish naturalist Carl Thunberg in ‘Flora Japonica’ published in 1784.  A hardy, slow growing, evergreen shrub that carries dense panicles of fragrant creamy-white flowers in April-May, followed by brilliant red berries that persist throughout the winter. Skimmias can be dioecious or monoecious and S. japonica requires a male form nearby for production of berries. This beautiful, adaptable shrub can be grown in ordinary well-drained soil and is happiest in partial shade. Propagate by heel cuttings in July-Aug. Skimmia is an invaluable addition to the winter garden. 

The somewhat unkempt appearance of hesperantha early in the year offers little charm, but come late autumn, the dazzling star-shaped flowers in reds, pinks and white lifts the dullest border.
This hardy rhizomatous perennial is native to South Africa where it thrives in marshy ground. In our gardens, it requires sun and will grow successfully in moist to well-drained soil. When flowering has finished the spent flower stems should be removed.
Hesperantha has a tendency to spread in the border so propagate by potting up five or six shoots in March-April.
Hesperantha makes an excellent cut flower.  

A deciduous succulent perennial requiring a sunny well-drained position in the garden. Leaves are glaucous green, followed by flat green broccoli-like flowerheads that gradually turn to pink. The flowers are very attractive to butterflies and bees.
When mature, flowerheads can be picked and dried. Remove old stems before the pristine young leaves appear in spring.
S. spectabile ‘Autumn Joy’ has an RHS Award of Garden Merit. 

As flowering perennials begin to fade our attention tends to focus on interesting foliage. Although considered a rather common subshrub, Senecio cinerara has very beautiful foliage that is tolerant of drought and wind.  Leaves are deeply lobed and covered in silvery hairs giving them a velvety appearance. The yellow flowers are unremarkable but this very tactile plant could be a useful addition to a sensory garden.
It requires a sunny position in well drained soil. The foliage is long-lasting when cut and is frequently used in contemporary bridal bouquets.
In floral art it has many applications, from seascapes to exhibits featuring foliage. In the early  part of the 19th century, extracts from the plant were used in homeopathic medicine to treat eye conditions. 

N.  bowdenii is a shimmering, pink star in the autumn garden. Nerines are bulbous plants native to South Africa and come in many shades of pink, also red and white.
They should be planted in spring, late summer or early autumn in well-drained soil with a sunny, sheltered aspect. When planting, ensure that the top of the bulb is visible above the soil. Non-hardy varieties can be grown successfully in pots with added grit. They dislike disturbance but can be divided when clumps become congested.
They symbolize freedom and good fortune and are very beautiful, long lasting cut flowers.

This multi-stemmed, deciduous tree originating in Japan is grown for its glorious heart shaped leaves, coppery as they emerge in spring, rich green through summer, yellow, orange and red in autumn. The fallen leaves smell of candyfloss, a clear signal that autumn has arrived.
C. japonicum is perfectly hardy although the young leaves may be damaged by wind. Grow in moisture retentive soil in sun or partial shade, autumn colour is best when grown in acidic soil. This is probably my favourite tree in the garden, it has an RHS Award of Garden Merit. 

An autumn flowering cyclamen originating in the Mediterranean region. Flowers may be pink or white and are carried in profusion before the leaves unfold. The leaves are heart-shaped, patterned and very attractive. This cyclamen is quite hardy and grows happily in sun or shade. After flowering, it produces copious amounts of seed with a sugary coating attracting insects and birds that transport the seeds around the garden, thus propagating the plant without any effort from the gardener. A pretty cyclamen that is very useful for small scale exhibits.   

I enjoy the wonderful burst of colour from this stem-rooting Asian species lily. The vivid orange turkscap shaped flowers have contrasting blackish purple spots.  L. lancifolium is a prolific flowerer and not demanding with regard to soil or site although some shelter and sun is preferred. It is easily propagated from the many bulbils that appear above the leaf axils in autumn.  

Hydrangeas have never been more fashionable and there are a great number to choose from. This month, I have selected H. ‘Ayesha’ because it came to me as a cutting from my good friend Florence Campbell. The large dense flowerheads are beautiful and have unusual cup shaped bracts with a light fragrance. The colour can be pink or blue depending on the pH of the soil. I grow in semi-shade in  moisture retentive soil. Hydrangeas are easily propagated from soft wood cuttings in summer.

This low-maintenance perennial arose in a garden in Verdun, France in 1858. The slightly cupped pure white flowers with yellow stamens surrounding a chartreuse centre appear on fine stems in early autumn and continue to flower for a number of weeks. It appears to be a less aggressive spreader than its pink relation  A. x hybridus. Plant in full sun or part shade in ordinary garden soil,  A. ‘Honorine Jobert’ was awarded the Perennial Plant Association‘s ‘Perennial of The Year 2016’  and has an RHS Award of Garden Merit.

Originating in Mexico, the dahlia was named as the country’s national flower in 1963.  The tubers were thought to be a source of food and medicine for the Aztecs. Dahlias come in an array of types and colours and there are many thousands of cultivars.
My chosen dahlia is an Irish cultivar originating at Glenveigh Castle, Co. Donegal and named for the gardener Matt Armour who grew it from seed in the 1930s. Its rich crimson petals are striking and its single form makes it very attractive to bees and other pollinating insects.
Grow in full sun and to maintain a long flowering season feed weekly and deadhead frequently. Dahlias are not reliably hardy in Irish gardens so I take the precaution of lifting the tubers in autumn, storing in a frost free area of the greenhouse and replanting outdoors in May.  

Floral artists are very familiar with a wide variety of colourful zantedeschia supplied by florists and wholesalers, but Z. ‘Green Goddess’ is more frequently seen in gardens. It is a statuesque plant with large arrow- shaped leaves and  striking green/white bracts with a yellow spadix.
This tuberous perennial may grow to 1 metre in height. Originating in South Africa, it prefers to grow in semi-shade, in moisture retentive soil and may also be grown as a marginal pond plant. The leaves are a magnet for slugs so preventative measures should be taken early in the season.  

The genus name Helenium is derived from the Greek word ‘helios’ meaning sun. Because of its sunny disposition and long flowering habit it is an invaluable herbaceous perennial for the late summer border.
Flowers are upright, copper-orange in colour with brown disc-like centres. Grow in full sun, in moist but well- drained soil. Propagate by division in spring or autumn.
Heleniums are very attractive to bees and associate well with Alstromeria ‘ Indian Summer’.  H. ‘Waltraut’ has an RHS Award of Garden Merit. 

This moss rose dates back to 1855 and is sometimes described as ‘Old Velvet Moss’. It has beautiful colouring of dark crimson, semi-double flowers fading to lavender grey and is deliciously scented. The petals with their long lasting scent may be dried for use in pot-pourri.
In cultivation it is undemanding and vigorous and usually needs support as the stems may extend 2-3 metres in length. 

Blue flowers are a lovely addition to the summer garden and we have many to choose from in the campanula family.
C. persifolia is a particular favourite because of its clear blue colour and perfect bell shaped flowers poised on delicate wiry stems. The white variety is also desirable.
This easy care perennial likes a sunny spot where the soil doesn’t dry out.  Partner with white Matthiola incana. 

Although the garden is brimming with colour from various perennials and shrubs,  roses are in their prime in July,  hence my second rose choice this month.  This modern repeat flowering rose from David Austin is a delight, with its apricot colouring and tea-like scent.
R. ’Sweet Juliet’ has good disease resistance and should be grown in humus rich soil in full sun, prune and fertilize in early spring. It won the Belfast Fragrance Award in 1992.

This beautiful dome-shaped rhododendron was discovered in the early 1900’s on the Japanese island of Yakushima. In 2013 it was shortlisted for the Chelsea Show Plant of the Centenary 1943-1952. This slow growing species has dark green leathery leaves with tan coloured indumentum on the underside. The bell shaped flowers are pink in bud later fading to white.
Grow in acidic soil in sun or partial shade. Propagate by layering or by semi-ripe cuttings in late summer.

This rhizomatous iris has its origins in Western China. The term confusa from the Latin ‘confusus’ is applied to plants that could be confused with another and the exotic flowers of I. confusa could sometimes be mistaken for an orchid. It prefers neutral to acid soil and a position in sun or partial shade. This particular plant has flowered really well in an easterly position. It is easily propagated by division.

A deciduous branching shrub with masses of plum centred white flowers.  This Irish cultivar was raised at the National Botanic Gardens, Glasnevin from seeds collected in Burma by Reginald Farrer.
It is hardy, undemanding with regard to site and easily propagated by semi–ripe cuttings in late summer.

Camellias are valued not just for their beautiful flowers but also for their handsome, evergreen foliage. The camellia flower is very symbolic in many cultures, in Japan it represents divinity and depending on the colour can represent love (red) someone who is missed (pink) and adoration (white) They grow best in acid to neutral soil in a shady area of the garden where flower buds cannot be damaged by the early morning sun. They can also be grown in containers for a number of years but really do best planted in the garden. To ensure lots of blooms, feed when flowering has finished and water during dry spells. Camellias will tolerate hard pruning. C. ‘Inspiration’ has an RHS Award of Garden Merit.

Each May I look forward to my auriculas in a variety of colours come into flower. These evergreen perennials with their origins in the mountains of Central Europe require sharp drainage, airy conditions, some protection from wet and shade from the midday sun. There is a wide variety of types and cultivars, doubles, edges, fancies, borders & alpines, some display farinose foliage. They should be fed during the growing season but take care to avoid splashing on leaves. Auriculas are easily propagated from offsets, ideally in late summer. From the Georgian period onwards, auricula theatres with dramatic dark backgrounds were used to display show auriculas to best effect.

There is a viburnum for every season and all are worthwhile garden shrubs. I chose this particular one because of its lovely fragrant, white flowers and autumn leaf colour. It is planted in semi-shade beside a flight of steps and every time I pass, I pause to enjoy the scent. Most viburnums are undemanding in cultivation and this variety is easily propagated from softwood cuttings in summer.  

The renowned Monaghan poet Patrick Kavanagh refers to this lovely spring flower in a number of his poems. Indeed, my earliest memory and appreciation for this member of the primulaceae family goes back to a winding country lane and a mossy bank covered in primroses during the month of April. The flowering of the primrose often coincides with Easter and gives us an additional reason to celebrate its quiet beauty. When clumps increase in the garden I propagate by division and replant in a shady area, fortunately, they have a tendency to self seed in nooks and crannies in walls and steps.

Without the muscari family our spring gardens would be all the poorer. The profusion of yellow narcissus, forsythia etc. at this time of year is tempered by the cooling influence of blue muscari. Many years ago I planted Muscari armeniacum, but when my tolerance for its untidy, long-lived foliage was tested I decided that that it was much more suited to a semi-wild area of the garden, where, combined with the common primrose it is a delight. I now choose M. latifolium with its blackish-blue flower spikes and well formed leaves for the front of border. Muscari are also perfect for pot culture and I grow several varieties M. aucheri from palest blues to white.  These bulbous plants are undemanding, they too tend to self seed and pop up in surprising places. 

My third small scale flower this month is a species tulip, possibly praestans originating in Tajikistan, it has brilliant red flowers and blue green foliage.  It is one of the treasures in my spring garden as the bulbs originally came from my parents garden and it has been flowering here for forty years. I grow it in a sunny border and take great care to ensure its continuance, so when flowering has finished I mark its position in the border with labels. Every couple of years when clumps increase, I divide and replant with a handful of grit to aid drainage.

One of the joys of the spring garden is the emergence of hellebores in a myriad of tints, tones and shades.  Hellebores come in a variety of forms, singles, anemone centred, picotees and doubles.  They are mostly woodland plants and do best in semi–shade.  Remove the old leaves in late winter to prevent the spread of blackspot.  Hellebores are prolific self–seeders so it is best to remove seedlings from around the parent plant and give an annual mulch to ensure healthy plants and good blooms.  Flowers are difficult to condition until the seed pod has formed and are best enjoyed floating in a shallow container of water.

Skimmias originated in Japan, China and Himalaya, they are noted for their attractive evergreen foliage, flowers and brilliant red berries.  This male cultivar does not bear fruit but its heavily scented creamy–white flowers more than compensates for the lack of berries.  It does best in humus-rich, moist but well- drained, acidic soil in a partially shaded position.   Skimmia japonica ‘Fragrant Cloud’ is a good alternative if  ‘Kew Green ‘ is unavailable.  All skimmias are easily propagated by semi-ripe cuttings in late summer.  S. ‘Kew Green’ has an RHS Award of Garden Merit.

I make no apology for including two plants noted for their foliage in my list of favourites this month.  Floral artists will be very familiar with Arum italicum subs. italicum ‘Marmoratum’ (AGM), a tuberous perennial, grown for its attractive leaves, spathes and orange berries.  During the 17century, arum tubers were used for starching elaborate ruffs seen in portraits of the period. All parts of the plant are toxic.  This particular variety with its beautiful grey-green markings on the leaves has an almost luminous quality in the early spring garden The striking orange berries appear on bare stalks in early autumn.   The distinctive leaves are much favoured by floral artists for use in spring designs. They are conditioned by floating in a bowl of water for a number of hours before arranging.

This compact evergreen shrub brings cheer to the winter garden.  In the past it was grown under glass for the Christmas market, hence the name.  It requires  moist but well-drained, acidic soil and grows best in dappled shade.  Flowers are pink in bud fading to white and begin to appear in December.  R. ‘Christmas Cheer’ was awarded an AGM by the RHS. 

For most of the year this ordinary looking shrub will not even be noticed but come winter its scent will cause the gardener or visitor to pause.  The source of this delightful fragrance, tiny white flowers along the stem.  Originating in China, this slow growing evergreen, prefers moist but well-drained soil in a shady area of the garden. Ideally, plant near a path or door and combine with white hellebores for a pleasing late winter scene.   

This winter beauty has its origins in warmer climes so it prefers poor soil and a sunny position.  It has a long flowering period beginning in November and  ending in March.  The flowers are prone to slug damage so preventative measures should be taken, untidy leaves should also be removed in late autumn. There are a number of Irish cultivars available, among them the lovely  I. unguicularis ‘Kilbroney Marble’,  introduced by the renowned Slieve Donard Nursery in Co. Down.  This iris should be picked when in tight bud and brought indoors where the flowers quickly unfurl to reveal their lovely jewel-like colours. 

G. elwesii ‘Mrs Macnamara’ is one of the earliest snowdrops, usually making an appearance in mid December.  It has an elegant, upright form with glaucous leaves.  It is said to be named for the mother-in-law of Welsh poet Dylan Thomas.  Grow in humus rich, moist but well-drained soil in a semi-shaded position.  In the language of flowers the snowdrop represents hope.

A lovely single hellebore from the Rodney Davey Marbled Group.  The pure white, single flowers that later fade to green appear at the end of December.  The leathery marbled leaves remain attractive at the end of the flowering season. Grow in rich, moist but well-drained soil in partial shade.  Partner with snowdrops in the garden.

Is so called because its flowers are borne on the bare winter branches.   J. nudiflorum was introduced from China in 1844 by Robert Fortune.  In the mid 1800’s it was regarded as the Flower of  Epiphany.   This medium sized, scrambling  shrub with arching branches and cheery yellow flowers is a lovely addition to the winter garden.  Unlike summer jasmine the flowers of J. nudiflorum are unscented but it makes an excellent cut flower.  The RHS  has given it the Award of Garden Merit.  Grow against a wall or through a suitable shrub.  This specimen complements the creamy edged leaves of its host Rhododendron ponticum ‘Variegatum’.

By late November the first flowers of Daphne bhoula ‘Jacqueline Postill’ begin to appear. This beautiful daphne defies cold, harsh, weather and flowers from November until early spring. Although described as semi-evergreen it retains its leaves in milder gardens. It will grow in sun or partial shade in humus-rich soil. Plant near a pathway or door to enjoy its intense fragrance. Daphnes resent disturbance and should only be pruned when absolutely necessary. To add further interest underplant with winter flowering Cyclamen coum.

Native to Chile, this evergreen shrub was introduced to the UK in 1844 by William Lobb, who worked for the Veitch Nursery. Ugni molinae produces sweetly scented, pink, waxy flowers in spring followed by delicious fruits tasting of alpine strawberries in Nov-Dec. The fruits were reputed to be a favourite of Queen Victoria. Although originating in S. America, it grows really well in Ireland and has survived several harsh winters in my garden.  The fruits are known for their antioxidant, health giving qualities. They are now grown commercially in Tasmania and marketed  as ‘Tazzieberry’. Grow in sun or partial shade in a location where the lovely scented flowers can be enjoyed and fruits easily harvested.

The genus  Mahonia is named for an Irish American nursery man, Bernard McMahon 1775-1815. McMahon produced the first seed catalogue in the United States and was a gardening mentor to President Thomas Jefferson. As a specimen shrub M. oiwakensis subsp. lomarifolia is highly valued for its architectural qualities. This lovely evergreen brings winter cheer with crowns of bright yellow flowers with a scent reminiscent of lily of the valley, followed by berries that are much prized by birds.

A  beautiful deciduous, self clinging climbing plant. P. henryana was discovered in central China by the Irish botanist and plant hunter Augustine Henry c. 1885 and introduced to the west by Ernest Wilson c. 1900. The leaves are green/ bronze/marbled in summer and in autumn provide wonderful red tints.  Leaf colour is best in a north or east aspect. 

Symphyotrichum is an invaluable addition to the late autumn garden and comes in a range of colours, blues, purples, pinks and white.  It grows best in well-drained soil with adequate moisture during summer, in sun or partial shade. Tall species and cultivars require staking.  These lovely autumn flowers associate well with ornamental grasses and are a very useful cut flower.

A rhizomatous, herbaceous perennial with large heart shaped leaves, sprays of small blue flowers similar to forget-me-not appear in spring.  The leaves disappear in winter and re-emerge in spring.  It is a very useful ground cover or front of border plant for a shady area.  Once established, brunnera is not demanding and will grow happily in most situations.

Clematis (Virgin’s bower, Traveller’s joy) named by Linnaeus from the Greek klema, “a twig” are mostly climbing plants although a number have a herbaceous habit of growth.  C. ‘Etoile Violette”, a viticella, is a firm favourite, both for its wonderful violet-purple colour and its long, prolific flowering season July – Oct and for the floral artist as a reliable cut flower.  The secret to growing clematis successfully is planting deeply to avoid clematis wilt, ideally roots should be in shade and head in the sun, they are best trained on a host shrub or garden structure and are often grown in association with roses.

Dierama (Angel’s fishing rod, Wand-flower, Hairbell) is native to South Africa. The name Dierama is derived from the ancient Greek meaning funnel.  These evergreen cormous plants display great beauty and grace.  When flowering has finished the lovely, dew or cobweb enhanced seed heads continue to delight.  Dieramas grow best in loamy soil, in full sun and can be propagated by division after flowering or by seed and are prone to self seeding.  

A delightful Poly-pom, thornless, rose named in 1881 for the daughter of the renowned Swiss rose grower.  It is sometimes known as the Sweetheart Rose with dark green shiny leaves and pale silvery pink blooms.  It rarely exceeds 2’ in height and carries sweetly scented, miniature flowers from early summer until late autumn.  It enjoys a sunny aspect, is generally disease free and is easily propagated by cuttings.  Roses have been used in floral art from the Greek Roman period through to the present day.  This is the perfect rose for petite and miniature designs.