Assignment 3 - Macro
Bugs make great macro photography subjects. Photo by Jesse Levinson.
100% crop of above (meaning pixel-for-pixel from original image, without upsizing or downsizing).
Notice honeycomb eyes and extremely shallow DOF
Motivation
Humans have excellent vision compared to the majority of the animal kingdom, yet modern photographic lenses and sensors are better still. A nice lens will have a larger aperture than the pupil in your eye making it easier to isolate the subject and blur out everything else. Also, lenses are available with much longer focal lengths than the human eye allowing us to magnify a subject (like the lady beetle above) beyond our natural ability to see it. It's a real pleasure to take a photograph that lets us see that which we normally could not.
Instructions
This week you'll be turning your gaze downward at flowers, bugs and other small, interesting things you might normally ignore. As you will learn, depth of field plays a central role when your subject is this close to the lens. In part one of this assignment, you will conduct a small experiment that will help you to test and quantify the trade-offs involving depth of field at these close focusing distances. You will take three depth-of-field photographs and conduct a series of calculations to explain your results. The second part of the assignment requires you, as always, to go forth and take photographs that meet the five requirements spelled out below.
Note that the photos in part one are strictly for the depth of field experiment; you should not use them to meet the requirements in part two. As always, refer to the example solution if you need additional guidance.
Part One
Recall from lecture that the depth of field is approximated as 2CNU2/f2 where U is the distance to the subject, f is the focal length of the lens, N is the aperture F-number, and C is the size of the circle of confusion that represents the largest acceptable blur before we consider the object out of focus on the image plane. For the circle of confusion, use the pixel size of your camera. (In your comments, be sure to tell us what value you used for C.) If you're unsure how to choose the other terms for your camera and lens setup, you can refer to the example solutions which will guide you through the process. To verify this formula, you will rest a ruler against the wall at exactly 45 degrees. Place your camera on the ground about two feet away from the wall. Here's what our setup looked like:
First, take a photograph of your setup like the one above. If you have some other camera available (e.g. a cell-phone camera), use that to take the picture. Otherwise, place something else in your scene to represent your camera and use your camera to take the photo.
Next, place your camera on the ground, focus it at some mark on the ruler, open the aperture as wide as possible (to achieve a narrow depth of field), and take a photo. Use the depth of field formula to compute how much of the ruler should have been in focus, and include your calculation and results in the photo comments on Google Photos. Remember to account for the fact that the ruler is at 45 degrees (see the example solution for how to do this). Your calculation should match what we see in the photo.
Next, close the aperture by a factor of two and take another picture. (For example, if you were at f/3 set the aperture to f/6). Based on the formula, what is the new expected depth of field? Take a photo and confirm that the depth of field changes as you would expect. Be sure to include your calculated and measured results in the photo comments.
This part of the assignment should match the example solution. In particular, be sure to read the example photo comments. Your answers should follow a similar approach.
Part Two
Take five to seven photographs for this part of the assignment. For each photograph, the subject should be something small and close to the camera. You may enjoy photographing bugs, flowers, small pieces of trash, electronics, mundane household objects that you wouldn't normally look at closely, parts of the body (please don't take any photographs your fellow Googlers are not going to want to see), toys, leaves, water droplets, gemstones, and food, among other things. Pay attention both to the subject that is in focus, and also to the quality of the out-of-focus regions.
Requirement 1: Focus on the foreground. At least one of your photographs should be be focused on the closest thing in the field of view to the camera, and should contain out-of-focus elements behind it.
Requirement 2: Focus on the midground. At least one of your photographs should have out-of-focus elements in front of and behind the subject you are focused on.
Requirement 3: Bugs. At least one of your photographs should have a bug as its main subject. If you can't find a bug, other very small animals are just fine, too. Keep it really small, though (dogs and cats are way too big, but little lizards could work).
Requirement 4: Plants. Take at least one photograph whose subject is part of a plant - e.g. a flower, leaf, spine, some bark, a piece of fruit.
Requirement 5: Man-made objects. At least one of your photographs should feature a man-made object like a toy, some circuitry, jewelry, etc.
Upload your photos and add comments.
As before, upload your photos to Google Photos as an album, caption the photos, and post the photos to the course's Google+ community as explained in Assignment #1, giving your post a title, like "Submission of assignment #3 (Macro) by <my name>" (substituting your name). For part one, show all your work in the captions. For part two, add captions to each photo explaining how you took the photo, what relevant camera settings you used and why, any image processing done to the photograph afterwards, and most importantly, which requirement the photo covers.
Example Solution
As usual, we've post an example solution to this assignment to let you know what we expect.
Peer Grading
For part one, you won't need to peer grade these photos.
For part two, follow the same procedure as Assignment 1 and Assignment 2.
Practice problems
Here's your third set of practice problems, related to Autofocus/Exposure Metering. The correct answers will be revealed here in bold after the assignment deadline.
Problem 1. True or False? An infinite depth of field can be obtained by tilting the lens of a view camera.
Problem 2. True or False? Contrast-based autofocus is generally faster than phase-based autofocus, because in the former case, analyzing a single image tells the camera where to move its lens to achieve focus.
Problem 3. True or False? In aperture priority (Av) mode, your camera picks the F-number for you based on your other settings.
Problem 4. Changes in pupil size account for 10:1 of the human dynamic range. If the maximum pupil diameter is 9mm, what is the minimum?
a) 2.85mm
b) 0.90mm
c) 1.80mm
d) 4.02mm
e) Not enough info
Due Date
Assignment Deadline: 11:59pm, Sunday, April 10, 2016
Commenting Deadline: EOD, Friday, April 15, 2016
Page authors: Marc Levoy, Andrew Adams, and Jesse Levinson, revised by Marc Levoy for the Google version of this course.