TheorPhon

1.              What is the largest unit of speech? Discourse

2.              How many language resources does language consist as a code? 3 (Lexicon/vocabulary, grammar,phonology)

3.              How are the people engaged in the study of phonetics called? phoneticians

4.              Variations in pitch, prominence, and tempo are called... prosodic/suprasegmental

5.              The result of an act of verbal communication is called .... discourse

6.              The basic component of the phonic-substance of language is called... segmental

7.              A unit of spoken message larger than a single sound and smaller than a word is called....syllable

8.              Pronunciation features in a foreign language influenced by the mother tongue are called…accent

9.              How many aspects does the problem of word stress have? 3

10.         The process of transmitting a verbal message from a speaker to the listener via a channel is called... verbal communication

11.         Lexicon, phonology, and grammar are called... Language resources

12.         How many components does the phonic substance of language consist of? 4

13.         A discourse consists of at least one...utterance

14.         The amount of perceptual prominence given to particular words/syllables in an utterance is called .. utterance  stress  (фразовий  наголос)

15.         What unit of speech corresponds to the phoneme? allophone

16.         What features are superimposed on the segmental chain of sounds? Prosodic

17.         Is the statement true or false: English makes use of stressed syllables separated by equal number of unstressed syllables. false

18.         Give the name of the founder of phonology. Nickolai Trubetskoi

19.         A process of using language for communication is called.. Speech

20.         A sequence of words spoken in a single breath, a stretch of speech which has describable melody is called.. tone unit

21.         Which of the following organs of speech does not belong to the roof of the mouth? The alveoli, hard palate, soft palate, uvula

22.         Which of the following organs of speech does not belong to the group of passive organs of speech? Teeth, alveoli, hard palate

23.         Which of the following organs of speech does not belong to the group of active organs of speech? Tongue, soft palate, uvula, lower jaw, the lips, the vocal cords

24.         What is the name of transcription that is used in studying English as a specialty? The phonemic transcription

25.         This branch of phonetics is concerned with the study of sound as a result of the activities of speech organs. It deals with our voice-production mechanism, and the way we produce sounds, and prosodic phenomena. It studies respiration, phonation (voice-production), articulation and the mental processes necessary for the mastery of a phonetic system.  Articulatory

26.         Arrange the following sounds according to the degree of sonority, from the most sonor to the least sonor. 1. open vowels 2. closed vowels 3. Sonorants 4. voiced fricatives 5. voiced plosives 6. voiceless fricatives 7. voiceless plosives

27.         The branch of Phonetics that studies the physical properties of speech sound, as transmitted between mouth and ear. Acoustic

28.         The branch of Phonetics that studies the perceptual response to speech sounds, as mediated by ear, auditory nerve and brain. Auditory

29.         A language used as a means of communication by speakers who do not have a native language in common is called lingua franca

30.         How many concentric circles can the spread of English throughout the world be visualized? The inner circle, the outer circle, expanding circle

31.         The situation when speakers can use both literary pronunciation and their native local accent in different situations is called  diglossia

32.         The first language of the children of Pidgin speakers is called.... Creole

33.         How many major literary/cultivated accents are there on the British Isles? 5

34.         How many million people speak English  as  their  first language/mother tongue? 375-400 million

35.         What is the standard of pronunciation for educated speakers in Great Britain? Southern pronunciation or Received Pronunciation

36.         Teaching English where learners addressed are often immigrants to an English-speaking culture is called TESL Teaching English as a Foreign l-ge

37.         A set of pronunciation forms and rules of their usage is called... rules of speaking or pronunciation norms

38.         Is there a World Standard English, a totally uniform, regional, neutral, and prestigious variety at the international level? No

39.         The entity of related national variants, dialects and their associated accents is called… a nationally heterogeneous l-ge (English)

40.         What  are  the  two  most  prestigious  accents  of  English  in  the  world which generally serve as teaching models for TEFL? RP/BBC English\Southern, GenAm/Network English

41.         How many literary pronunciation accents are there in the USA? three

42.         A unified entity of pronunciation patterns used for communicative interaction by members of a speech community sharing a relevant social or geographical attribute and maintaining a set of phonological characteristics, despite limited phonetic and lexical-incidental variation between the speakers is called... accent

43.         Teaching English to learners of all types is ... ELT

44.         What is the geographical localization of the national pronunciation standard in the UK? Southern English

45.         Reflection/fixing of actual pronunciation forms and patterns in pronunciation dictionaries and other references. codification

46.         Individual speech of members of the same language community is called... idiolect

47.         What is a striking feature of RP/BBC English and GenAm? variation

48.         Are the majority of Standard English speakers in Britain rhotic or non-rhotic? non-rhotic

49.         What accent is currently making a great influence on RP? Cockney

50.         Name the 2 RP vowels which have the highest text frequency of occurrence.          ə , i

51.         What phenomenon can be heard in RP in it's quite good ..., football ,etc? glottaling

52.         What is RP often identified with in the public mind ? BBC English

53.         What sound combinations undergo affricatization? t+j, d+j

54.         Which RP diphthong is becoming a positional allophone of the phoneme /ɔ:/? υə

55.         What scholar fist described RP as a hoped for standard? Daniel Jones

56.         Give the transcription symbol for a glottalized /t/. /?/

57.         What kind of assimilation do affricatization and assibilation belong to? Yod coalescence

58.         Which allophone of /l/ is used in American English? /l/

59.         Which American accent prevails in New York? Eastern American

60.         How many consonants are there in GenAm? 25

61.         Is Eastern American rhotic? yes

62.         What century English is the starting point for American English? 17

63.         Which diphthongs are not distinguished in GenAm? /ie/, /ee/, е – це шва

64.         What is one of the most characteristic allophones in GenAm? r

65.         Which geographical attribute does цGenAm have? western

66.         How many vowels are there in GenAm? 11

67.         What is the name of American national pronunciation standard? General American

68.         A stress on the vowel in the penultimate syllable which is not typically stressed in RP is called ... a tertiary stress

69.          It is considered to be the main variant of literary pronunciation in Great Britain. Its advantages are that it is easily understood in every part where English is spoken and it is understood more than any other variant. It is mostly heard in everyday speech of educated people, at English theatres and on the radio. BBC

70.         Which of the types serves as the base for General American pronunciation. American Pronunciation

71.         Which of the accents of English is American based pronunciation standard? General American

72.         Which of the accents of English is English based pronunciation standard? BBC pronunciation

73.         Which of the accents of English is New English based pronunciation standard? Received Pronunciation

74.         How many literary pronunciation accents are there in the USA? 39

75.         What are New Englishes varieties of pronunciation? Indian English, South African English, Hong Kong english, Singapoeran English

76.         Read the following abbreviations: ELT, TESL, TEFL. TESL English as a second language., ELT - English Language Training TEFL Teaching English as a foreign                     language

77.         The first language of the children of Pidgin speakers. English

78.         The language used for the purpose of communication between speakers of mutually unintelligible languages (usually in the third world) which has been developed out of the mixture of the languages of the communities concerned.

79.         How many aspects of speech sounds are distinguished? 4 – Articulatoty, Acoustic, Auditory, Functional.

80.         Grouping   speech   sounds   according   to   their   major articulatory features is called ... allophones

81.         From the acoustic point of view, vowels are called the sounds of voice, they have high acoustic energy

82.         Which are the parts of the tongue?

– the blade of the tongue with the tip 

- the front of the tongue

- the back of the tongue

- the root of the tongue

83.         Which are the parts of the roof of the mouth?

-the alveoli

-the hard palate

-the soft palate

-the uvula

84.         Name the passive organs of speech.

- the teeth

- the alveoli

- the hard palate

85.         Name the active organs of speech.

the tongue

the soft palate

the uvula

the lower jaw

the lips

the vocal cords

86.         What is the consonant sound? – Consonants are sounds in the production of which there is an obstruction the removal of which causes noise. Muscular tension is at the place of obstruction. The air stream is strong.

87.         What are the two consonant classes according to the degree of noise?

noise consonants

sonorants

88.         What is the function of vocal cords in the production of voiced and voiceless consonants? At the articulatory level, a voiced sound is one in which the vocal cords vibrate, and a voiceless sound is one in which they do not

89.         Define every type of obstruction.

occlusive

constrictive

occlusive-constrictive(affricates)

90.         What consonant sounds are called occlusive? – produced by blocking (occluding) airflow in the vocal track

91.         What consonant sounds are called constrictive? – produce with an incomplete obstruction that is by a narrowing of the air-passage

92.         What consonant sounds are called occlusive-constrictive? – a composite speech sound consisting of a stop and a fricative articulated at the same point

93.         Enumerate the consonant groups according to the place of articulation.

bilabial

labio-dental

dental

alveolar

post-alveolar

palato-alveolar

palatal

velat

glotal

94.         How are the forelingual consonants classified according to the work of the tip of the tongue?

post-alveolar

palate-alveolar

alveolar

interdental

95.         What are the voiced counterparts of / p,t,k /?   B d g

96.         What is aspiration? – a slight puff of breath which is heard after the explosion of p t k in the initial position.

97.         What is palatalization? – softening of consonsonant, which results from the secondary  place of articulation

98.         What do the consonants /p, t, k / have in common? – they are occlusive, noise(plosive)

99.         What consonant sounds are called “fricatives”? – produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together

100.    What are the voiced counterparts  of / f, s, θ, ∫ / ? [f]-[v], [s]-[z], [θ]-[ð], [∫]-[ʒ]

101.    101. Define  / ʧ, ʤ/ according to the all principles of articulation. Lingual, forelingual, palato-alveolar, affricates (occlusive-constrictive)

102.    102.  Enumerate the English sonorants. /m, n, ŋ, l, r, w, j /

103.     What is the main feature of sonorous consonant? noise

104.    What do the sonorant have in common with and what differs them from other consonants? noise

105.    What is the subdivision of the sonorous consonants according to the direction of the air stream in the mouth cavity?

106.     What is assimilation?  is a process of alteration of speech sounds as a result of which one of the sounds becomes fully or partially similar to adjoining sound

107.    What features of the articulation of a consonant may be affected by assimilation?

108.     Name the degrees of assimilation. Degree of completeness Degree of stability

109.     What is the difference between progressive and regressive assimilation? Regressive - the change operates backwards. Progressive - the assimilation operates forwards

110.    Which aspect of speech sounds do such properties as frequency, spectrum, intensity, and duration constitute? acoustic

111.    Which aspect defines every speech sound as a complex of definite coordinated and differentiated movements and positions of speech organs? articulation

112.    Functional differences between Vs and Cs are defined by their role in syllable formation

113.    Sounds made with a complete obstruction or stoppage of the airflow coming up from the lungs are called stips/plosives

114.    Sounds in the production of which the soft palate is lowered, and the air escapes through the nose are called nasal

115.    Sounds produced as a result of obstruent articulation involving an obstruction of the air stream that produces a phonetic effect independent of voicing are called noise con/obstruents

116.    The   movements   and   positions   necessary   for   the production of a speech sound constitute its articulation

117.    The particular quality of Vs mainly depends on the volume and shape of the mouth resonator

118.    Complex sounds which consist of two components that correspond to two phases of articulation- an oral- stop phase followed with a short friction phase- are called affricates

119.    Realizations of phonemes in definite positions in words are called allophones/variants

120.    How many consonant phonemes are there in RP? 24

121.    How many vowel phonemes are there in RP? 20

122.     The founder of the phoneme theory is S.A. Baudauin de Courtenay

123.     The materialistic conception of the phoneme was originated by L.V. Shcherba

124.     Features of phonemes involved in the differentiation of the words are called distinctive/relevant

125.     The phoneme is material, real and objective because it really exists in the material form of allophones

126.     What scholar defined the phoneme as a family of sounds? Daniel Jones

127.     The smallest(i.e. further indivisible into smaller conse¬cutive segments) language unit (sound type) that exists in the speech of all the members of a given language community as such speech sounds which are capable of distinguishing one word from another word of the same language or one grammatical form of a word from another grammatical form of the same word is called phoneme

128.     The phonemes of a language form a system of sounds

129.     What is the principal function of the phoneme ?  constitutive

130.     The articulatory features which do not serve to distinguish meaning are called non-distinctive, irrelevant or redundant

131.     Allophones which appear as a result of the influence of the neighboring speech sounds (assimilation, adaptation,, accommodation) are called subsidiary

132.     Modifications of a consonant under the influence of a neighboring consonant are termed assimilation, reduction, oppositions

133.     A deletion of a sound in rapid or careless speech is termed ELISION/ellipsis

134.     Connecting of the final sound of one word or syllable to the initial sound of the next one is called linking

135.     Modifications of a consonant under the influence of the adjacent vowel or vice versa are called accommodation/adaptation

136.     Inserting of a vowel or consonant segment within an existing string of segments is called Epenthesis

137.     According to the degree the assimilating C takes on the characteristics of the neighboring C, assimilation may be partial, total

138.     What is the name of assimilation in which the first consonant and the second consonant in a cluster fuse and mutually condition the creation of a third consonant with features from both original consonants? Coalescent (RECIPROCAL) assimilation

139.     What are the most common types of assimilation in English according to the direction? Progressive, regressive and reciprocal

140.     A monophthong, short, lax, unrounded, front, low/open vowel phoneme of the wide variety. [æ]

141.    A labial,  labio-dental,  constrictive,  fricative,  voiceless,  fortis consonant phoneme. /f/

142.    An alveolar, apical, constrictive, lateral sonant. /l/

143.    A monophthong, long, tense, unrounded, central/ mixed, mid vowel phoneme of the narrow variety. /ɜː/

144.    A glottal, constrictive, fricative, voiceless, fortis consonant phoneme. /h/

145.    A monophthong, long, tense, unrounded, back-advanced, low/open vowel phoneme of the wide variety. /ɑː/

146.    A post-alveolar, constrictive, medial sonant. /j/

147.    A monophthong, short, lax, rounded, back advanced, high/open vowel phoneme of the wide variety. /ʊ/

148.    A foreligual, palato-alveolar, constrictive, fricative, voiced, lenis consonant phoneme. /ʒ/

149.    A monophthong, long, tense, unrounded, front, high/close vowel phoneme of the narrow variety. /i:/

150.    A lingual, back lingual, velar, occlusive, plosive nasal sonant. /ŋ/

151.    A monophthong, short, lax, unrounded, central/ mixed, low vowel phoneme of the wide variety. /ʌ/

152.    A labial, bilabial, constrictive, medial sonant. /w/

153.    A lingual, backlingual, occlusive, plosive, voiceless, fortis consonant phoneme. /k/

154.    A lingual, forelingual, post-alveolar, constrictive, medial sonant. /r/

155.    A monophthongs short, lax, rounded, back, low/open vowel phoneme of the wide variety. /ɒ/

156.    A foreligual, interdental, constrictive, fricative , voiceless, fortis consonant phoneme. /θ/

157.    A voiceless affricate. /tʃ/

158.    A monophthong, front short, lax, unrounded, central/ mixed, mid vowel phoneme of the wide variety. /ə/

159.    A monophthong, short, lax, unrounded, front, mid/ half-open vowel phoneme of the narrow variety. /e/

160.    Which of the mentioned below features of a consonant is considered irrelevant?  aspiration, palatalization, nasalization

161.    So reduction is realized in: unstressed syllables within words; in unstressed form-words (auxiliary and modal verbs, personal and possessive pronouns, etc.) within intonation groups and phrases.

162.    Non-reduced unstressed sounds are often retained in: compound words: blackboard /'blækbɔ:d/;  oilfield /'ɔɪlfi:ld/; borrowings from the French and other languages.

163.    What principles of articulation are not characteristic for the English language? characteristic of fluent or careless speech

164.    Which of the elements of English diphthong is called nucleus? The first element

165.    What is the number of phonemes in British English? 44

166.    The type of junction between the phonemes of different nature (c-v) is called merging

167.    The type of junction between the similar groups – cons. + cons. is called interpenetration

168.    Syllables in writing are called syllabographs

169.    The limit for the number of syllables in English is 8

170.    The universal syllabic structure in the canonical form is CV

171.    What sounds have the highest degree of sonority? Low vowels

172.    The division of words into syllables is called syllabication/ syllabification

173.    What two types of sounds cannot be split duringsyllabification?The English affricates [ʧ], [ʤ] and diphtongs

174.    What symbol is used to designate a syllabic consonant? [ə]

175.    Divide in writing the word speaking. speak-ing (p.s. http://www.howmanysyllables.com/ )

176.    Divide into phonetic syllables the word bottle. Bott-le

177.    What is the characteristic feature of the syllabic structure of the words of old English origin. monosyllabism

178.    How is the syllable preceding the stressed syllable designated? PRETONIC

179.    How is the syllable following the stressed syllable designated? POSTTONIC

180.    What are the two commonest structural types of the syllable in English (write their canonical forms)? VC; CVC

181.    The point of this theory of syllabic structure of the word is that in most languages there is a syllabic phoneme in the centre of the syllable, which is usually a vowel phoneme or, in some languages, a sonorant. The phonemes preceding or following the syllable peak are called marginal. The energy, which is the tension of articulation, increases within the range of prevocalic consonants and then decreases within the range of postvocalic consonants. Therefore, the syllable can be defined as an arc of articulatory tension. The muscular tension or the articulatory effort theory.

182. The point of this theory is that the syllable is a sound or group of the sounds that  are pronounced in one chest-pulse . There are as many syllables in a word as there are chest-pulses made during the word . Expiratory (chest-puls or pressure) theory.

183.    Which is the most common type of syllable in English? Covered CV(C)

184.    Which are syllabic English consonants? final sonorant /m, ņ, ļ/ immediately preceded by a noise consonant and post tonic

185.    This theory is based upon the fact that sounds group themselves according to their sonority. There are as many syllables as there are peaks of prominence of sonority. The relative sonority theory (гучності) or the prominence theory

186.    This theory takes into consideration both levels production and perception. Syllable is an arc of loudness. The peak of the syllable is louder and higher in pitch than the slopes. The organ which is responsible for the variation of loudness  is pharynx . There are as many syllables in a word as there are arcs of loudness. LOUDNESS THEORY

187.    How many factors are important in making the syllable prominent? The auditory impression of word stress is that of prominence. And on the auditory level the effect of prominence is produced by a greater degree of loudness, greater length of the stressed  syllables, some modifications in its pitch and quality.

On the acoustic level the effect of prominence is achieved by following acoustic parameters.

intensity;

duration;

frequency (fundamental);

formed structure.

188.    How many degrees of word stress are singled out in English? 

primary or strong

secondary or partial

weak unstressed syllables

189.    What degree of word stress do American phoneticians add to the traditionally recognized degrees in English?   tertiary

190.    What are languages called which allow certain freedom for placement word stress? Free stress / variable stress?

191.    Which is the oldest of the English lexical stress tendencies? recessive

192.    Which tendency regulates the stressing of borrowed polysyllabic words in English? rhythmic

193.    Which is the name of the tendency which defines the placement of word stress on the root of the native English words with a prefix with no referential meaning? Recessive-restricted type

194.    What tendency defines the stress of the derivative word personal as compared with person! retentive

195.    Which syllable of a two-syllable verb is stressed if its second syllable contains a long vowel or a diphthong 2nd

196.    Which syllable of a two-syllable noun is stressed when its second syllable contains a short vowel? 1st

197.    English word stress is of a complex nature. It is:      

dynamic

quantitative

qualitative

198.    Which is the place of secondary stress?   Before the primary, or after it( if tertiary stress is distinguished)

199.    Which is the most common accentual type of English words? . / ┴ ─ /.

200.    A stress on the vowel in the penultimate syllable which is not typically stressed in RP is called: tertiary

201.    Which is the right order of the rhythmical organization of English prose. rythmic group,intonation group, utterance, phonopassage

202.    What are the adjoining unstressed syllables called when they precede the stressed syllable? proclitics

203.    What are the adjoining unstressed syllables called when they follow the stressed syllable? enclitics

204.    Which is English type of rhythm? Stressed-timed

205.    What is the prosodic nucleus of rhythmic group? the stressed syllable

206.    The number of the rhythmic groups depends on: speech tempo and style

207.    Where is the focus /the semantic center of an unmarked/normal utterance located on? On nuclears

208.    What is the force component of intonation made by? Loudness

209.    Which tone can encourage further conversation, be wondering, mildly puzzled, soothing? LR

210.    One or more words closely connected by sense and grammar, but containing only one strongly stressed syllable and being pronounced in one breath are called a ритмічна група

211.    Which tone is highly implicatory in English? RF

212.    Spoken English is divided into chunks of talk or tone units

213.    Because they are unstressed in the stream of speech, function words exhibit various forms of reduction: loss of initial consonant sound, final, weakening of internal vowel.

214.    What words are accentuated by pitch, length, loudness or a combination of these prosodic features under normal, or unmarked conditions? nouns. Adj., verbs, numerals,adverbs

215.    What is the core component of intonation? The pitch

216.    How many rhythmic groups/feet are there in "Thank you for the present'? 2

217.    What tone expresses the speaker's active searching for information? HR(interest, questioning)

218.    This part of an intonation group determines the semantic value of the intonation group, and indicates the communicative centre of the intonation group or of the whole sentence. The nucleas

219.    Which of the head patterns is used for normal speech? Stepping, falling

220.    Where is the semantic centre of an utterance in normal speech located on? on notional words(nouns. Adj., verbs, numerals,adverbs)

221.    What are the emphatic tones? Fall-rise, rise-fall, rising tones

222.     What part of the intonation group goes before the nucleus? The head (The scale)

223.     What is the corresponding tone for each of these types of the utterances? (Request low-rise + fall-rise, Order high-fall, Exclamation high-fall , Statement low-fall)

224.    What is the corresponding tone to each of these questions?     (General rising, Special falling, Disjunctive low-fall+low-rise, Alternative low rise+low fall)

225.     What forms are usually unstressed in the sentence?       weak         

226.    The type of the utterance stress that is used to arrange words into sentences or intonation groups phonetically. Together with grammatical and lexical means it expresses the general idea of the sentence and indicates its communicative center. The nuclear syllable is generally associated with the last content word of the intonation group. Normal/syntactical

227.    The type of utterance stress, which gives special prominence to a new element in a sentence or an intonation group. Logical stress

228.    This type of sentence stress increases the effort of expression. It may strengthen the stressed word making it still prominent. This stress manifests itself mainly on the High Fall or the Rise-Fall of the nuclear syllable. Emphatic stress

229.    The part of intonation group formed by stressed and unstressed syllables beginning with the first stressed syllable is called…Head/scale

230.    The part of intonation group that includes unstressed and half stressed syllables before the first stressed syllable. Prehead

231.    The last stressed syllable of the intonation group in which the pitch movement changes. It is usually of a highest importance: it is on this syllable that the whole pitch pattern centers. Nucleus

232.    The unstressed and half-stressed syllables that follow the nucleus in the intonation group are called…Tale

233.    This style is characterized by the predominant use of intellectual intonation patterns. The characteristic feature of this style is the use of normal or slow speed of utterance and regular rhythm. It occurs in formal discourse where the task set by the sender of the message is to communicate information without giving it any emotional or volitional evaluation. Informational

234.    In this style intellectual and volitional (or desiderative) intonation patterns are concurrently employed. The speaker's purpose here is to direct the listener's attention to the message carried in the semantic component. This style is frequently used, for example, by university lecturers, schoolteachers, or by scientists in formal and informal discussions. Academic (scientific)

235.    In this style the emotional role of intonation increases, thereby intonation patterns used for intellectual, volitional and emotional purposes have an equal share. Pauses may be different in length but long pauses are more common. This style is generally acquired by special training and it is used, for instance, in stage speech, classroom recitation, and verse speaking or in reading aloud fiction. Declamatory (artistic)

236.    This style is characterized by predominance of volitional (or desiderative) intonation patterns against the background of intellectual and emotional ones. The general aim of this intonation style is to exert influence on the listener, to convince him that the speaker's interpretation is the only correct one and to cause him to accept the point of view expressed in the speech. Oratorial

237.    The usage of this style is typical of the English of everyday life. It occurs both within a family group and in informal external relationships, namely, in the speech of intimate friends or well-acquainted people. Generally speaking this style, unlike other styles, will allow the occurrence of the entire range of intonation patterns existing in English. Conversational