Zwarte walnootextract De zwarte walnoot (Juglans nigra) is een boom uit de okkernootfamilie. De olie van de groene schil rond de walnoot van Juglans nigra bevordert in hoge mate de inwendige reiniging. Daarnaast stimuleert het de darmwerking. Walnoottinctuur kan ook verdund gebruikt worden als gorgeldrank voor mond en keel. Walnoottinctuur kan worden gebruikt als onderdeel van een reinigingskuur. Indicaties
Contra-indicaties
Gebruiksadviezen Algemene therapeutische (orale) dosis: 3x daags 5 tot 7 druppels Keelontsteking: gorgelen met (paar druppels) walnoottinctuur in water Uitwendig gebruik: huid deppen met oplossing van walnoottinctuur of compres met walnoottinctuur Let op: walnoottinctuur is niet geschikt voor langdurig gebruik (langer dan 6 weken). Veiligheid Zwarte walnoottinctuur kan bij uitwendig gebruik huidirritatie of huidontsteking veroorzaken. Bij inwendig gebruik zijn (milde) maagdarmklachten mogelijk. Walnoottinctuur heeft mogelijk een vaatvernauwend effect; mensen met hoge bloeddruk dienen hiermee rekening te houden. Black Walnut / Juglans nigra monograph Botany There are approximately 15 species of Juglans walnuts. “Walnut” refers to several varieties, most commonly the English walnut ( Juglans regia ; see Walnut monograph) and the black walnut ( J. nigra ). Walnut trees have short trunks with round-topped crowns and can grow up to 45 m in height. The black walnut is native to the deciduous forests of the eastern United States (central Mississippi and Appalachian regions) and Canada. The wood is valued for its rich beauty and is used to make furniture, cabinets, and gun stocks. The fruit is an elongated drupe containing a 4-ribbed edible nut within a thick, hard, black shell that is smaller than the English walnut. 1 , 2 History Walnuts have been found in prehistoric deposits dating from the Iron Age in Europe. In the Middle Ages, walnuts were thought to ward off witchcraft, the “evil eye,” and epileptic fits. Black walnut has been used in certain skin conditions, including eczema, pruritus, psoriasis, warts, and parasitic skin conditions. Treatment of eye irritations and styes are other uses for black walnut. 3 Extract of black walnut was used to dye the hair, skin, and clothing. 3 , 4 , 5 As a food, black walnut is commonly used in baked goods, candies, and frozen foods. 5 , 6 The traditional herbal medicine is extracted from the black, tarry, sticky part in the outermost hull. Chemistry Black walnuts contain juglone (5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone), alpha hydrojuglone and its glycoside beta-hydrojuglone, caffeic acid, plumbagin, hyperin, kaempferol, and tannin. Ellagic acid is also present. 3 , 7 , 8 Black walnuts contain 15 to 20 g of protein per 100 g. Trace minerals present include iron, zinc, sodium, phosphorus, and magnesium. 3 , 6 Black walnuts contain approximately 700 calories per 100 g, with fat (oil) content estimated to be about 60%. 6 The pesticide methyl 2-benzimidazolylcarbamate has been reported in black walnut fruit. 9 Uses and Pharmacology No human clinical trials regarding black walnut and its many traditional uses have been recorded in the medical literature. Black walnut has been proposed as a candidate for chemotherapy because of the toxic nature of juglone and plumbagin, but studies to support this are lacking. 10 , 11 Antioxidant Black walnut leaf was evaluated for its antioxidant activity. Radical scavenging and antiradical-generating effects were demonstrated. 12 , 13 Nutritional value Black walnut is important for its nutritional value (see Chemistry). The nut is high in calories, a good source of protein, is rich in dietary fiber, and contains essential fatty acids. 3 , 5 , 6 See also the Walnut monograph. Dosage No clinical trials are available to support dosage recommendations. Walnut leaves have been approved by the German Commission E for external application for excessive perspiration and skin inflammation. 14 Pregnancy/Lactation Avoid use. Documented adverse reactions (mutagenic properties). 11 , 15 Possible cathartic effects have been observed at higher doses. 16 Interactions None well documented. Adverse Reactions Allergies to nuts are common in the United States (an estimated 1%), 17 with walnut and other tree nut allergy considered to be second only to peanuts (considered legumes) in anaphylactic reactions. Use care with topical preparations due to possible cytotoxic effects. 8 , 11 Toxicology Little data exist. However, the naphthaquinone juglone, which is present in all species of the family Juglandaceae, is a known animal toxin. 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 Apoptosis and necrosis effects have been demonstrated in cancer cells with extracts of black walnut. Juglone and plumbagin, the yellow quinone pigments of black walnut, were shown to decrease cell viability and cell death. 8 , 11 Bibliography 1. Juglans nigra . L. USDA, NRCS. 2007. The PLANTS Database ( http://plants.usda.gov , 28 October 2007). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. 2. Weber RW . Black walnut . Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol . 2003 ; 91 ( 3 ): A-6 . 3. D'Amelio FS . Botanicals: A Phytocosmetic Desk Reference . Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 1999 : 209 . 4. Hocking GM . A Dictionary of Natural Products . Medford, NJ: Plexus Publishing; 1997 : 409 . 5. Rosengarten F . The Book of Edible Nuts . New York, NY: Walker; 1984 : 239-262 . 6. Ensminger AH , et al. Foods & Nutrition Encyclopedia . 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 1994 :2277-2278. 7. Bhargava UC , Westfall BA , Siehr DJ . Preliminary pharmacology of ellagic acid from Juglans nigra (black walnut) . J Pharm Sci . 1968 ; 57 ( 10 ): 1728-1732 . 8. Inbaraj JJ , Chignell CF . Cytotoxic action of juglone and plumbagin: a mechanistic study using HaCaT keratinocytes . Chem Res Toxicol . 2004 ; 17 ( 1 ): 55-62 . 9. Cline S , Felsot A , Wei L . Determination of methyl 2-benzimidazolylcarbamate in black walnut fruit . J Agric Food Chem . 1981 ; 29 ( 5 ): 1087-1088 . 10. Segura-Aguilar J , Jönsson K , Tidefelt U , Paul C . The cytotoxic effects of 5-OH-1,4-naphthoquinone and 5,8-diOH-1,4-naphthoquinone on doxorubicin-resistant human leukemia cells (HL-60) . Leuk Res . 1992 ; 16 ( 6-7 ): 631-637 . 11. Montoya J , Varela-Ramirez A , Estrada A , Martinez LE , Garza K , Aguilera RJ . A fluorescence-based rapid screening assay for cytotoxic compounds . Biochem Biophys Res Commun . 2004 ; 325 ( 4 ): 1517-1523 . 12. Halvorsen BL , Holte K , Myhrstad MC , et al. A systematic screening of total antioxidants in dietary plants . J Nutr . 2002 ; 132 ( 3 ): 461-471 . 13. Choi HR , Choi JS , Han YN , Bae SJ , Chung HY . Peroxynitrite scavenging activity of herb extracts . Phytother Res . 2002 ; 16 ( 4 ): 364-367 . 14. Blumenthal M , Goldberg A , Brinckmann J , eds. Herbal Medicine: Expanded Commission E Monographs . Newton, MA: Integrative Medicine Communications; 2000 . 15. Brinker FJ . Herb Contraindications and Drug Interactions . 2nd ed. Sandy, OR: Eclectic Medical Publications; 1998 . 16. McGuffin M , et al, ed. American Herbal Products Association's Botanical Safety Handbook . Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 1997 . 17. Sicherer SH , Sampson HA . Peanut and tree nut allergy . Curr Opin Pediatr . 2000 ; 12 ( 6 ): 567-573 . 18. True RG , Lowe JE . Induced juglone toxicosis in ponies and horses . Am J Vet Res . 1980 ; 41 ( 6 ): 944-945 . 19. Ralston SL , Rich VA . Black walnut toxicosis in horses . J Am Vet Med Assoc . 1983 ; 183 ( 10 ): 1095 . 20. Thomsen ME , Davis EG , Rush BR . Black walnut induced laminitis . Vet Hum Toxicol . 2000 ; 42 ( 1 ): 8-11 . 21. Galey FD , Beasley VR , Schaeffer D , Davis LE . Effect of an aqueous extract of black walnut ( Juglans nigra ) on isolated equine digital vessels . Am J Vet Res . 1990 ; 51 ( 1 ): 83-88 . References
Black walnut (Juglans nigra) was introduced in Europe in 1629. It has gradually been acclimatized in many countries: Great Britain, France, Belgium, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Austria, Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia, Hungary, Romania, Moldova, Ukraine and Russia. Black walnut was first introduced in Botanical Gardens and parks. (3) While there are those who say that Black Walnut hulls can effectively reduce the risks of heart attacks, it is more widely known for its anti-parasitic qualities. It is said to have effectively killed more than 100 known parasites. It has been proven to be a strong natural remedy for the treatment of acne, thyroid disease, colitis, eczema, hemorrhoids, ringworm, sore throats, tonsillitis, skin irritations, and wounds. (2) Black walnut has been traditionally used to expel worms from the intestinal system. (7) Active Constituents The main active ingredients of black walnut are tannins such as galloyglucose and ellagitannins, and juglone (5-hydroxy-alphanapthaquinone). Walnut shells are very rich in vitamin C , and betacarotene, B1,B2, and B6 are found in the leaves. (5) Juglone is a napthoquinone pigment that occurs as a natural product in the roots, leaves, nut-hulls, bark and wood of black walnut (Junglans nigra) (1) Juglone is a powerful and toxic substance that prevents many plants from growing within the tree's root zone, extending as much as 80 ft (24 m) from a mature black walnut trunk. (5) Traditionally in herbal medicine the green hulls of black walnut are dried and powdered for use internally. Therapeutic uses and Scientific Evidence Black walnut is used to treat parasitic worm infections and certain other infections including diphtheria and syphilis. It is also used for leukemia. Some people use black walnut as a gargle, apply it to the scalp as hair dye, or put it on the skin to treat wounds. (4) It is used to expel tapeworms and other internal and external parasites. The American Medical Ethnobotany Reference Dictionary claims that the juice from black walnut hull is effective against ringworm. (6) In vitro studies have suggested that plumbagin, an active constituent of Black walnut, may inhibit the motility and hatching of specific worm lavae. (8) It is the combination of Black Walnut hulls, Wormwood, Clove, and Golden seal taken together in large doses Brett Elliott ® References (1) PubMed http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/htdocs/chem_background/exsumpdf/juglone_508... (2) Black Wlnut Hulls monograph http://www.altcancer.net/phyto/black_walnut.htm (3) Summary of Chemical Data http://hrcak.srce.hr/file/56742 (4) Black Walnut WebMD http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-639-black%20wal... (5) Gale Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine | 2005 | Helwig, David http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Black_walnut.aspx (6) Moerman. D. Native American Ethnobotany. Very comprehensive but terse guide to the native uses of plants. Excellent bibliography, fully referenced to each plant, giving a pathway to further information. Not for the casual reader. http://www.amazon.com/Native-American-Ethnobotany-Daniel-Moerman/dp/0881... (7) Felter, H., Lloyd, JU., King's American Dispensatory. 18th Edition ed. Vol. Volume 1. 1983, Portland: Eclectic Medical Publications. (8) Fetterer, R., Fleming, MW., Comp Biochem Physiol C, 1991. 100(3): p. 539-342. Effects of plumbagin on development of the parasitic nematodes Haemonchus contortus and Ascaris suum PubMed http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=1687553 |