Pupalia lappacea

 
¿ pu-PAL-ee-uh ? -- from the Malabar name for this plant, pupalvalli ... Nomenclator botanicus
lap-uh-SEE-uh or lap-uh-KAY-uh -- like a burr ... Dave's Botanary

commonly known as: creeping cock's comb, forest burrGujarati: ગાડર ભુરાટ gadar bhuratHindi: नागदमनी nagadamaniKannada: ಅಂಟುಪುರುಲೆ ಗಿಡ antupurule gidaKonkani: sitya kurdiMalayalam: പൂപ്പാൽവള്ളി pupalvalliTamil: ஒட்டொட்டி ottottiTelugu: ఎర్ర ఉత్తరేణి erra uttareni, తెల్ల ఉత్తరేణి tella uttareni

Distribution: tropical Africa, s Africa, Arabia, India, Malesia, Australia; elsewhere introduced in tropics
 
Perennial herb up to 1 m tall, much branched, swollen at nodes; densely tomentose; leaves opposite, ovate-elliptic to oblong or even orbicular, tomentose to subglabrous, petiole up to 2 cm long; flowers green to purple, in clusters of three flowers, deflexed after flowering, outer modified with yellowish to purple spines, in terminal spikes elongating to 50 cm in fruit; bracts persistent; tepals 3-nerved, oblong; Capsule ovoid.
 
BSI Mah flora mentions only 2 var. of Pupalia lappacea
Leaves ovate-elliptic c 8 cm long. Flower awns yellow ... ... ... ... var. lappacea
Leaves suborbicular, 2-3 cm long; Flower awns brown ... ... ... ... var. orbicular
  


https://08511630493324166816.googlegroups.com/attach/d81f2bf806ce23f1/un2_26sept12_DSCN2758.jpg?part=0.5&view=1&vt=ANaJVrHAY1B1EofHTZVSF3gc39urCTZb5ZgNsaq1PPG-yioGzYGM9rmTsEMx59OKff2kN_DqHbLtJiRny9bBGWsP_blrCaew9LT0diPZho0hrYcMOdMYd8Q
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Achyranthes aspera riddle from Hooghly:
This is wild herb or under-shrub found in a village thicket.
Unlike A. aspera var. aspera it is much more robust, taller and seems to be woody.
My search results :
Species : UNKNOWN
Habit & Habitat : about 4.5 feet tall wild herb or under shrub in unused land
Date : 26/9/12, 10.50 a.m.
Place : Nalikul (Hooghly)
I hope Pupalia lappacea
Pl. notice spiny bracts.
 
https://08511630493324166816.googlegroups.com/attach/c738480c034ce40f/Pupalia%20lappacea%20(4).JPG?part=0.4&view=1&vt=ANaJVrEJCjnivJJ17ZJXdH-dYoKmJWMPA6zznxwxb24DRLur7RmwSM5H5H3sZdYENO6vwfElgScXW3HedFM3NvzZqLb4yz-qO07ptBzS72x27t8z8-UlS_E
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Pupalia lappacea from Panipat-2010:  This one was shot in September 2010 from Panipat District Haryana
Pupalia lappacea (Linn.) Juss., Ann. Mus. Nat. Hist. Paris 2: 132, 1803; Achyranthes lappacea Linn., Sp. Pl. 1: 204.Straggling, annual, tomentose undershrub, upto 1 m high. Leaves opposite, petiolate, elliptic or ovate, 4-6 x 2-3 cm, membraneous, glabrous. Flowers in distant clusters, arranged in terminal spikes, white, woolly. Urticle thinly membraneous, oblong, nearly 0.2 cm in diameter, abruptly narrowed at the apex.
Yes ... Another nice set of photograph


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Pupalia atropurpurea Moq. ? Hooghly 18-12-12 sk2:
"Bengal Plants" describes two Pupalia species - 1) Pupalia atropurpurea Moq. and 2) Pupalia lappacea Moq.
Is this Pupalia atropurpurea Moq., or is it the same Pupalia lappacea Moq., as in my other post at - https://groups.google.com/d/topic/indiantreepix/3ZWyy4bdnLE/discussion?
Species : UNKNOWN
H & H : seems to be straggling herb, in wasteplace
Date : 15/12/12
Place : Hooghly
Pasting the link of the "Bengal Plants" page
Both are synonyms as per all links given in refrences as at efi site link:
https://sites.google.com/site/efloraofindia/species/a---l/a/amaranthaceae/pupalia/pupalia-lappacea
Thank you Sir, also found a link of a document on Pupalia - http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/4117978?uid=3738256&uid=2&uid=4&sid=21101616363907.

QUERY :: author citations of Pupalia lappacea ... (family Amaranthaceae):  Please help in letting me know if these are two separate identities:
Pupalia lappacea (L.) Juss.
Pupalia lappacea (L.) DC.
From my searches, Pupalia lappacea (L.) Juss. is certainly a valid name.

Yes without any doubt.
Many thanks ...
Going further, (referring to Cooke's The Flora of the Presidency of Bombay) want to know whether:
Pupalia lappacea, Moq. in DC. Prodr, v.13, part 2 (1849) p.331 would be treated same as Pupalia lappacea (L.) Juss.
Intention of query is to know status of Pupalia atropurpurea Moq. in DC. Prodr, v.13, part 2 (1849) p.331.
Yes ... P. lappacea Moq. ex DC is synonym as it is dated 1849 as against 1803 of (L.) Juss.
P. atropurpurea (Lam) Moq., 1849 is also synonym according to both GRIN and The Plant List (pl. don't get confused with it being regarded as synonym of P. lappacea var. lappacea, and then treating latter as unresolved. If P. lappacea is an accepted name, var. lappacea can't be unresolved).
Thank you very very much Gurcharan ji for resolving the query and for the clarification too.
Will go with Pupalia atropurpurea (Lam.) Moq. as synonym of Pupalia lappacea (L.) Juss.
(But sometimes I naively wonder at the science of taxonomy that two plants with different habits get merged as one identity !).
Here is the article and you all will know why it is still unresolved. May be we can resolve this, but needs lot of work.
Attachment:
survey_Pupalia Juss_Amaranthaceae.pdf


 
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02022013 BRS 451: Pl. find the attached file contain photo for id. confirmation.
Location: Pichandikulam, Vilupuram Dist.
Date: 02.02.2013
Habitat: garden
Habit: shrub

This should be Pupalia lappacea (L.) Juss...

Chenopodiaceae and Amaranthaceae Week: Pupalia lappacea from . Kadapakkam BRS 003: Sharing the images of Pupalia lappacea, from Alambarai Fort, Kadapakkam.
Many thanks for sharing an interesting plant.
Pupalia a genus with opposite leaves which I can see here.
The inflorescence clusters must be having fertile flowers subtended by modified sterile flowers a distinguishing feature given in the key. Pseudostaminodes absent.


https://08511630493324166816.googlegroups.com/attach/c386167855481791/Pupalia%20lappacea%20%20%20(7).JPG?part=0.7&view=1&vt=ANaJVrGXjUM-M09XaIGAm9J6QI3sKi3NJP0ulbD3PtcapomNRJh23g9QFObR5CePRrN2Mr4qB5XnDyWGkNj_AFUJb0jZNK4SpTHGgPzkbeih3Ha6HMsJDkI
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Chenopodiaceae and Amaranthaceae Week: NS 011: Pupalia lappacea:   This sticking, semi-erect herb was shot from Panipat and Morni Hills.... Pupalia lappacea (L.) Juss.
Very very nice photographs ...
This is I was looking for. After I read the character : Fertile flowers subtended by modified sterile flowers. I thought at least someone will come up with pictures showing this and it seems we are able to see this in Pupalia lappacea (1).JPG and
Pupalia lappacea (2).JPG from your photographs.
Very good.

Pupalia lappacea (L.) Juss., Ann. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 2:132. 1803
Syn: Achyranthes atropurpurea ; Achyranthes lappacea ; Pupalia atropurpurea
Perennial herb up to 1 m tall, much branched, swollen at nodes; densely tomentose; leaves opposite, ovate-elliptic to oblong or even orbicular, tomentose to subglabrous, petiole up to 2 cm long; flowers green to purple, in clusters of three flowers, deflexed after flowering, outer modified with yellowish to purple spines, in terminal spikes elongating to 50 cm in fruit; bracts persistent; tepals 3-nerved, oblong; Capsule ovoid.
Photographed from Delhi.
Very good set of photographs showing quite a few characters!
 
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Herb near Pandav Falls for ID :: 15 SEP 13 :: DV : 10 images. 12 posts by 7 authors.
Panna National Park ... about 500 - 1800 ft asl
Date / Time: 15 SEP 13 at 02:06 PM ... Altitude: about 842 ft asl
ID please ... (family: ?)
Dear friends, to me this is a new plant and find it interesting.
Habit: herb, standing about 40 - 60 cm, including the 5 - 10 cm long inflorescence at the end.
Habitat: on slope, semi-evergreen patch of forest, moist due to rivulet flowing nearby

The flower is about 3 - 5 mm across. 
... this place is a popular sight-seeing spot - the Pandav Falls.

Nice pictures ... for me this is Pupalia lappacea Amaranthaceae, the landscape pics are also very fine...
Thank you very very much ... for this ID. Great help.
Here are the names for this plant that I compiled earlier ...
... creeping cock's comb, forest burr • Gujarati: gadar bhurat • Hindi: नागदमनी nagadamani • Kannada: ಅಂಟುಪುರುಲೆ ಗಿಡ antupurule gida • Konkani: sitya kurdi • Malayalam: പൂപ്പാൽവള്ളി pupalvalli • Tamil: ஒட்டொட்டி ottotti • Telugu: ఎర్ర ఉత్తరేణి erra uttareni, తెల్ల ఉత్తరేణి tella uttareni 
Calling ... to validate the Gujarati name - gadar bhurat; and to provide it in native script.
yes ... is right, It is Pupalia lappacea
In fact, the common name ગડર ભુરટgadar bhurat - is the Kachchhi name of this plant. In Gujarati, it is known as ગાડર ઝીપટો - gādar jhipato - owing to the tendency of the fruit to cling on to the fur of passing sheep [ગાડર].

Names of Plants in India .:. Pupalia lappacea (L.) Juss. :1 image. 1 post by 1 author. 
via Species‎ > ‎P‎ > Pupalia lappacea (L.) Juss. ... family: Amaranthaceae 
Flowers of India Discussions at efloraofindia more views in flickr more views on Google Earth
¿ pu-PAL-ee-uh ? -- from the Malabar name for this plant, pupalvalli ... Nomenclator botanicus
lap-uh-SEE-uh or lap-uh-KAY-uh -- like a burr ... Dave's Botanary 
commonly known ascreeping cock's combforest burr • Gujaratiગાડર ઝીપટો gadar jhipato • Hindiनागदमनी nagadamani • Kachchhi:ગડર ભુરટ gadar bhurat • Kannadaಅಂಟುಪುರುಲೆ ಗಿಡ antupurule gida • Konkanisitya kurdi • Malayalamപൂപ്പാൽവള്ളി pupalvalli • Tamil:ஒட்டொட்டி ottotti • Teluguఎర్ర ఉత్తరేణి erra uttareniతెల్ల ఉత్తరేణి tella uttareni 
botanical namesPupalia lappacea (L.) Juss. ... synonyms:Achyranthes atropurpurea Lam. • Achyranthes lappacea L. • Desmochaeta atropurpurea (Lam.) DC. • Desmochaeta flavescens DC. • Pupalia atropurpurea (Lam.) Moq. • Pupalia lappacea var. velutina Hook. f. ... Flora of Pakistan 
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Photographed near Pandav Caves, Panna National Park on 15 SEP 13
Many thanks to ... for the ID in earlier post
 
https://08511630493324166816.googlegroups.com/attach/859d0c89c7c601d4/P1011610.JPG?part=0.2&view=1&vt=ANaJVrG13k6ftpzr8liL31GXGM1WSvh1kbUkd-YAtj5Gx49rAWKSCfdz_kfaUlLoSm2z1vbY1vggNDtgq__kMvqXJcr7zGhciXmtqEba6fBxP5Wr_iv7d84
https://08511630493324166816.googlegroups.com/attach/859d0c89c7c601d4/P1011611.JPG?part=0.3&view=1&vt=ANaJVrEC-DWIgpN7vX9WB69BgYm3X8WIiuslEXBh_ltdYAF4X35gTJ2JlCmWRkGxhDXxgjxt9y5YOqtAGvvRatWRELDkAgrQzE8vJWwss8jw5rjbe9q-cMw
https://08511630493324166816.googlegroups.com/attach/859d0c89c7c601d4/P1011613.JPG?part=0.5&view=1&vt=ANaJVrEvJaq6PJ4qYjUhpDZh1adog0BOwl0x8eoLdgGCIigNHw9ynj_W6EDFFIHgRXpMQga_-MWFXTj9Uo3YVvslLQVJH7DLXsWQo9LXT0364pufxeffpB4
 
https://08511630493324166816.googlegroups.com/attach/859d0c89c7c601d4/P1011609.JPG?part=0.1&view=1&vt=ANaJVrFBLkge6NDJrqlcnw_NhvDbOPBn5GVHg11n_20qByhkC1DbdmbL9FmlMYw2nPL-SvtYNTbjtxFOuh_tCW-l0WUKu_JrhFuKuDppnC2aHYiQLIwIqZM
https://08511630493324166816.googlegroups.com/attach/859d0c89c7c601d4/P1011614.JPG?part=0.6&view=1&vt=ANaJVrEgk2ullGWJ1geucVWMxnoVsqdhW-TgWFgZLZ_xfLvicVr8CoHDhzy_gFqjaSU1qkm-Uz8-Apozi8ZLalSZsaeuL685XkO-BpGUFmrDlVFFHhXHJMMhttps://08511630493324166816.googlegroups.com/attach/859d0c89c7c601d4/P1011616.JPG?part=0.7&view=1&vt=ANaJVrEE3DtpItX1nnsKd3Hf6OsK6GtSE_nIJC6vQVX28jBsq5rEPPfXN4dYVscokN7XjZqKZ1nRt1UszPAPBBFv-p3OOUaLxFDkVuoPSlR19f7frYYIbSA
Herb for Identification: AVD01:07122013: Attachments (7). 4 posts by 3 authors.
Please help me identify this herb. Does this belong to Amaranthaceae?
Inflorescence: approx 20 cm long.
Flowers: aprrox. 1 cm
Pupalia lappacea (L.) Juss. Amaranthaceae
Yes, beautiful images of Pupalia lappacea... 
 
https://08511630493324166816.googlegroups.com/attach/10a1e2065f2165/150415SP4.JPG?part=0.4&view=1&vt=ANaJVrHXY9xhN1m-Bovx6h7rBOmsQ3Zc_njy7g3DTHY3gOqYtDDpQhmpfMr4XFeDk41YLxCcN4yJOONgeo_8syVFIY49UtGk-Z5oDLFiEiFcBuLntXcHyIY
https://08511630493324166816.googlegroups.com/attach/10a1e2065f2165/150415SP3.JPG?part=0.3&view=1&vt=ANaJVrF5C4lNWbVTGeA2VFKCIC2cRQRrJ2LNIh9416aX7W7QE6qi5yZM2sTV6zxul1p7c0h59is6cDmvowtGSx8ahfBv1Fb2HBnGbw3kwEJkIJFxoHjtPAU
 
https://08511630493324166816.googlegroups.com/attach/10a1e2065f2165/150415SP1.JPG?part=0.1&view=1&vt=ANaJVrF1wxW2e6kev-ln91XwdIP4j-291cdoI7QgU2ZVQAUG6VER6TRykw9pyE52ZaQVt94rdJJ9246hojQpdlPWGT9uD6G1gVXtGBfm0bkZ3K77r-E17yU
https://08511630493324166816.googlegroups.com/attach/10a1e2065f2165/150415SP2.JPG?part=0.2&view=1&vt=ANaJVrH7ha6M1WLfnzdM_TMob1zviHss_DPwYfnNEHlxCSqeiGLMSKvNLyyA_HfXvQCG2nJRb53rSK49JJmyJHD7ajgZUYWBB1UFRMj1PF2fF-hdIqq2R1w
Need id assistance of JNU Plant 150415SP1-4 : 3 posts by 2 authors. Attachments (4)
I need id assistance of following images belonging to Amaranthaceae?
date: 15/04.2015
Locality: JNU New Campus

Habit: prostrate decumbent
This should be Pupalia lappacea...
Many many thanks ... for your id assistance
 
 
https://08511630493324166816.googlegroups.com/attach/36de40dffba64/IMG_9965.JPG?part=0.1&view=1&vt=ANaJVrEKCTEnKlyKGtYrZTQtxAbbZsit_QNeF0gPp68QhBJtkGx-p37nl3BXEdktVSEPIfSiNC0IgYvckl0U_u0UrejuEp2l8iIRTutq5I-BXglZWmicYGw
https://08511630493324166816.googlegroups.com/attach/36de40dffba64/IMG_9966.JPG?part=0.2&view=1&vt=ANaJVrErCktEQ6ArYRPnwRQT8GMQxGQjemS8BYBchJgb40aRFYKud8bkM2KvKMKA8x2-nc7BR6kkSLUMjiAqg7kKKoDC5ZwTGGw06xQfElUUmGW_9vmIlBY
Amaranthaceae ID : 2 posts by 2 authors. Attachments (2) 
Please ID the amaranthaceae Plant
Place - Mohali, Punjab
Date of Click - 29th June, 2016
Temperature- 37degrees
Humidity - almost 75%
I think it is Pupalia lappacea 
Please confirm
Yes, you are right ...


 
https://08511630493324166816.googlegroups.com/attach/bf4e90029e0f0/IMG_6924Pupalia%20lappacea%20var%20lappacea.jpg?part=0.4&view=1&vt=ANaJVrF5DzykPIU_i8raZXFI5R18e8A_8kn2bXyTyeVneAC9QpIODopkB9tfrnPI17CRkm9C9ml2BzhxfEIp8_Jfns3gHMa0jmM1_uowyMZ1SBRPJzV2v6c
https://08511630493324166816.googlegroups.com/attach/bf4e90029e0f0/P1012841Pupalia%20lappacea%20var%20lappacea.JPG?part=0.3&view=1&vt=ANaJVrHFOuQoH89rcW0iYhG4lYWP2KhHKVWoPzh3ayXus7V86UD9W7PhwsdNeU2mZx3-w3nfUa-ytEX0X-FOa5j82OthUEHByUWLrgUKHJ1TYDThgIATOGM
https://08511630493324166816.googlegroups.com/attach/bf4e90029e0f0/P1012792Pupalia%20lappacea%20var%20lappacea.JPG?part=0.2&view=1&vt=ANaJVrHBE_ztoomtwLl_wtxK0PsL9bbBWXi5XyAB-48jqYPvRufQkkJWZ8N5ZVCLwAxSJ6u59EyCQ6i6aZpbYc_kQ8b0UTNoOf1Dd03Bi_ljU2j0w2sXbDY
https://08511630493324166816.googlegroups.com/attach/bf4e90029e0f0/IMG_6922Pupalia%20lappacea%20var%20lappacea.jpg?part=0.1&view=1&vt=ANaJVrGamF_8j8q8kQAiRT4WVnGEXZOALQ2gd0hCkvBcnPv-rcfcd98w8v_JeWdT5OXPbxzw6CYFCRtyY6dQ3oF9n-tZiwH4Pb8UZy-1fXl1-kT0qXQC9SM
Submission of Puppalia : 2 posts by 2 authors. Attachments (4)
Plant name: Pupalia lappacea var. lappacea, Unknown.
Syn. Pupalia atropurpurea Moq.,
Ver. names:  Forest Burr, Creeping Cock's Comb (Eng.); Yerri chitramulam; Erra vuttareni ఎర్ర ఉత్తరేణి;వెర్రి చిత్రమూలం (Tel.).
Family: Amaranthaceae
Description: 
Perennial herbs, 1-2m tall; with long, straggling branches. Leaves opposite; subsessile; lamina 2-10 × 1-4 cm, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate. Flowers greenish-purple in sessile clusters in lax pedunculate terminal spikes to 30 cm long, fruiting spikes elongating to 1 m long. The imperfect bracts reduced to hooked purple awns in fruit. Perianth-lobes 5, ovate-lanceolate, aristate. Stamens 5, staminal filaments fused at the base into a fleshy, lobed, disk-like cup, that surrounds the ovary; peudostaminodes absent. Ovary with a single pendulous ovule; style slender, stigma capitate.  Achenes globose, straw colored, densely echinate. Seed ovoid, slightly compressed.
Habitat & location: Common on bushes near moist places. Photographed at Nellore Rural. 
Medicinal Uses: Fruit is used in enema preperations. Used to treat cough, fever and flatulence.


 
https://08511630493324166816.googlegroups.com/attach/1a94dc0524000/pitambargal%20herb%20leaves.JPG?part=0.3&view=1&vt=ANaJVrHCMW9e1ZjIr_GNHPjujS3PByqyy_drObW3x1rPxOzosGvQ-rTwqn1UC__hCWQQ65U58uJC5xIUGLZKYhBlcQS4zzZ7uN7WAQurESdxTK---1UB4jU
https://08511630493324166816.googlegroups.com/attach/1a94dc0524000/pitambargal%20herb%20habit.JPG?part=0.2&view=1&vt=ANaJVrFZUDtIt_R0vkNVu-Sl-azAJm1oUvDAjd7K1YYPM_p6tysAYYVcgEoBipUbh2TQqmRiRaUKEBSKYlXH8GrcXSKSJWC5KxnUv9CUjGaGAdv7t5aJoQU
https://08511630493324166816.googlegroups.com/attach/1a94dc0524000/pitambargal%20herb%20flower.JPG?part=0.1&view=1&vt=ANaJVrGmMkLKamsUjYLizo9QW8RiZw7yENTQErvxT0gIiaehnc0u3rBypxN3FSGVi85kKKwnum4B4e1pQu6dGD8rJIOixxQzgefkFyvsweYFvMebXIIr5co
Herb for ID, Rajasthan, NAW-SEP16-05 : 4 posts by 4 authors. Attachments (3)
Kindly identify this herb photographed on a forested hill of the Aravali, south of Kishangarh, Ajmer District, Rajasthan in August 2016.
Pupalia lappacea, perhaps.
I agree with ...
Yes it is Pupalia lappacea (L.) A.Juss.


https://08511630493324166816.googlegroups.com/attach/85e0eea0aef0e/IMG_20181118_102733209.jpg?part=0.2&view=1&vt=ANaJVrFKx0YSxIwIcunSaBK_Cz7NOJOzHM18qCulI8xASEjZQ6SonjO_epPaCSLTtM6V9Aqgg20C8MRSi7N0SWD8YHSPbNwP8D9fgxhF8TT8z2YeXarqzek
 
https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/proxy/041n0xmc3DvHnNn0CXdzFCXHP_y-dyUcIDMS40X_L-RseCB9vAeLdFsbyols4fODZ05sAXqEZN_-dxwQht-zSfV8WSln-XnyIJfrkqonvso8BLR7SqweuWFJk0nC5A=w5000-h5000
https://08511630493324166816.googlegroups.com/attach/85e0eea0aef0e/IMG_20181118_103206644.jpg?part=0.1&view=1&vt=ANaJVrFKh8noL8tne9jP7-Moy4-4WjOKp9Sq0Szs64yEWaWTSzOZKFUCqLKPF9-R4B-IkbRctPIJyFn2amN1QyxX-Uaq_JVBIyDE7us9OIwaJMGoHrJLRuM
Fwd: MS/ November/ 3 - Plant for id : 6 posts by 4 authors. Attachments (2)-  2 Mb and 4 Mb. 
Please ID this creeper sent by one of my friends from Chennai.

Cyathula prostrata (L.) Blume

are the white flowers a variant?

Mistake happen, it is Pupalia lappacea (L.) Juss., closely related genus of Cyathula

That's ok, ... i had no idea it would be different altogether. i just thought it might be a variant. thank you for correcting us ... and diagnosis
100619AB3 ID : 3 posts by 2 authors. Attachments (2)
Identification, please. The leaves in the background are not the leaves of the plant of interest in the foreground.
Date/Time- November 4, 2017; 09:17 hrs
Location- Place, Altitude, GPS- Eastern Melghat; 21°17.483' N, 77°22.530' E
Habitat- Garden/ Urban/ Wild/ Type- Wild
Plant Habit- Tree/ Shrub/ Climber/ Herb-  Herb/Undershrub
Height/Length- 3-4’ Height
Pupalalia lappacea.
Amaranthaceae
.
 
Need help with id of prostrate annual with strange angular flower : 4 posts by 3 authors. Attachments (3) - around 600 kb each.
bhopal; black soil; 2/10/2020

Could be pupalia lappacea 
I too agree with …
Yes, it is, thank you
 



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