Germany
Look carefully as some sites allow you to read in English. If the content you need is not in English you may paste paragraphs of text into Google Translate and it will do its best to give you the English version.
Make certain you search the LDS IGI [International Genealogical Index] as it indexes a very large percentage of the Scandinavian parish registers but remember that not all records in the IGI came from a source record - some came from family trees submitted to the church.
Geography and history are crucial to German genealogy because the borders were constantly changing and climate, famine, religion, war etc. played a huge role in the decision to immigrate. Make certain you use the online maps to full advantage.
Online German Genealogy Records by state/province from FamilySearch Wiki
Germany Genealogy Resources from the Federation of East European Family History Societies
Genealogy.net the German Genealogy Internet Portal
German Roots: german Genealogy on the Internet
Guides and How Tos
Names & Naming Patterns:
18th century PA German naming customs
ARCHIVES & LIBRARIES
IMMIGRATION RESOURCES
Palatine Emigrants by Kraig Ruckel
John Blankenbaker's Research early German settlements in Virginia and Pennsylvania
Maps, Atlases & Gazetteers
Database of Towns/Villages east of Oder/Neisse Rivers (located in the former German provinces of Pommerania, West-and East Prussia, Silesia, Brandenburg, Posen).
Ravenstein Atlas des Deutschen Reichs - Historical atlas of what is present day Germany, Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Hungary, Lithuania, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Poland, the Russian Federation, Slovakia, and Switzerland. Digitized by the University of Wisconsin.
GERMANS FROM RUSSIA
Ancestral Villages of Frank and Kolb Russia: Two German Colonies located near the Volga River
German - Russian Bessarabian Colony of Borodino and Periojany [Beriojan] Chutor Genealogy List
Germans from Russia Genealogy Resources from the Federation of East European Family History Societies
Germans From Russia Genealogy Portal
American Historical Society of Germans from Russia
Germans From Russia Heritage Collection
Golden Jubilee of German-Russian Settlements (Kansas but it has stories of how they came etc.)
Cyndi's List: German/Russian Genealogy Links