STOP AIR POLLUTION DEATHS

Humanity demands that we speak out, bear witness, and tell the truth for a better world (see "Gideon Polya Writing”: https://sites.google.com/site/gideonpolyawriting/ ). This website, “Stop air pollution deaths”: https://sites.google.com/site/300orgsite/stop-air-pollution-deaths , is devoted to documenting the continuing disaster in which each year carbon fuel burning - the burning of coal, gas, oil and biomass - causes 7 million premature deaths (untimely deaths, avoidable deaths, excess deaths, avoidable mortality, excess mortality, deaths that should not have happened).

Humanity demands that we speak out, bear witness, and tell the truth for a better world (see “Gideon Polya Writing”: https://sites.google.com/site/gideonpolyawriting/ and “Gideon Polya”: https://sites.google.com/site/drgideonpolya/home ).

NEW BOOK: for a detailed account of the Climate Crisis, the worsening Climate Genocide en route to a sustainable human population in 2100 of only 1 billion, and how in 38 key ways Humanity can and must urgently address this existential threat see Gideon Polya, “Climate Crisis, Climate Genocide & Solutions”, 846 pages, Korsgaard Publishing, Germany , 2021: https://www.amazon.com.au/CLIMATE-CRISIS-GENOCIDE-SOLUTIONS/dp/8793987285 .

Science-informed people are aware of the worsening climate emergency due to global warming and climatic disruption from greenhouse gas (GHG) pollution. The world is facing an existential threat from GHG pollution and it is estimated that 10 billion people could die this century in a worsening climate genocide if GHG pollution is not requisitely addressed (see “Climate Genocide”: “Climate Genocide”: https://sites.google.com/site/climategenocide/ ).

Already 17 million people die avoidably from deprivation and deprivation-exacerbated disease each year (see Gideon Polya, “Body Count. Global avoidable mortality since 1950”, that includes a history of every country from Neolithic times and is now available for free perusal on the web: http://globalbodycount.blogspot.com/ ) but failure to address man-made e climate change could mean an average of 100 million avoidable deaths each year.

Science-informed people are aware of the worsening threat of GHG pollution to the biosphere. Indeed the species extinction rate is now 100-1,000 times greater than normal (see Phillip S. Levin and Donald A. Levin, “The real biodiversity crisis”, Macroscope, January-February 2002: http://www.soc.duke.edu/~pmorgan/levin&levin.2002.the_real_biodiversity_crisis.html ) , this leading scientists to refer to the current era as the Anthropocene Era.

We must not destroy what we cannot replace and hence a major reason for ceasing GHG pollution is to stop speciescide (destruction of species) , ecocide (destruction of ecosystems), omnicide (destruction of all species as in a huge open-cut coal mine) and terracide (destruction of the living Earth).

It is not sufficient to merely cease GHG pollution – we need “negative CO2 emissions” in order to reduce the atmospheric CO2 concentration from the current dangerous and damaging 400 parts per million (carbon dioxide (400 ppm CO2) to a safe and sustainable, pre-Industrial Revolution level of about 300 ppm CO2 (see “2011 climate change course”: https://sites.google.com/site/300orgsite/2011-climate-change-course ; 300.org: . https://sites.google.com/site/300orgsite/300-org ; and “300.org – return atmosphere CO2 to 300 ppm CO2”: https://sites.google.com/site/300orgsite/300-org---return-atmosphere-co2-to-300-ppm ). One notes that the excellent climate change activist organization 350.org has a more limited goal of returning atmospheric CO2 to no more than 350 ppm CO2.

Science-informed people recognize the need for urgent action to stop and reverse GHG pollution to save Humanity and the Biosphere, however a further compelling moral argument for cessation of carbon fuel burning is the need to stop the annual carnage of 7 million air pollution from the burning of coal, gas, oil and biomass.

Thus the authoritative World Health Organization (WHO) in reporting that 7 million people die each year from air pollution that is overwhelmingly due to indoor or outdoor air pollution from carbon fuel burning with roughly half dying from indoor air pollution from cooking or heating: “After analysing the risk factors and taking into account revisions in methodology, WHO estimates indoor air pollution was linked to 4.3 million deaths in 2012 in households cooking over coal, wood and biomass stoves. The new estimate is explained by better information about pollution exposures among the estimated 2.9 billion people living in homes using wood, coal or dung as their primary cooking fuel, as well as evidence about air pollution's role in the development of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, and cancers. In the case of outdoor air pollution, WHO estimates there were 3.7 million deaths in 2012 from urban and rural sources worldwide. Many people are exposed to both indoor and outdoor air pollution. Due to this overlap, mortality attributed to the two sources cannot simply be added together, hence the total estimate of around 7 million deaths in 2012” (see World Health Organization (WHO), “7 million premature deaths annually linked to air pollution”: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2014/air-pollution/en/ ; also see Open Letter to Australian Federal MPs: young betrayed & climate revolution now:https://sites.google.com/site/gideonpolyawriting/2015-9-6 ).

This website, “Stop air pollution deaths”: https://sites.google.com/site/300orgsite/stop-air-pollution-deaths , involves documented, alphabetically-organized compendia of (A) Air pollution deaths by country and region, and (B) Expert and science-informed opinions on air pollution deaths.

Some useful compendia about climate change information, requisite actions & expert opinions:

“1% ON 1%: one percent annual wealth tax on One Percenters”: https://sites.google.com/site/300orgsite/1-on-1 .

“2011 climate change course”: https://sites.google.com/site/300orgsite/2011-climate-change-course .

300.org: . https://sites.google.com/site/300orgsite/300-org .

“300.org – return atmosphere CO2 to 300 ppm CO2”: https://sites.google.com/site/300orgsite/300-org---return-atmosphere-co2-to-300-ppm .

“Carbon Debt Carbon Credit”: https://sites.google.com/site/carbondebtcarboncredit/ .

"Climate Revolution Now": https://sites.google.com/site/300orgsite/climate-revolution .

“Cut carbon emissions 80% by 2020”: https://sites.google.com/site/cutcarbonemissions80by2020/ .

“100% renewable energy by 2020”: https://sites.google.com/site/100renewableenergyby2020/ .

“Climate Genocide”: https://sites.google.com/site/climategenocide/ .

“Gas is not clean energy”: https://sites.google.com/site/gasisnotcleanenergy/ .

“Biofuel Genocide”: https://sites.google.com/site/biofuelgenocide/ .

“Divest from fossil fuels”: https://sites.google.com/site/300orgsite/divest-from-fossil-fuels .

“Climate Justice & Intergenerational Equity”: https://sites.google.com/site/300orgsite/climate-justice .

“Science & economics experts: Carbon Tax needed NOT Carbon Trading”: https://sites.google.com/site/300orgsite/sciennce-economics-experts-carbon-tax-needed-not-carbon-trading/ .

“Stop climate crime”: https://sites.google.com/site/300orgsite/stop-climate-crime .

“Stop air pollution deaths”: https://sites.google.com/site/300orgsite/stop-air-pollution-deaths

“Are we doomed?”: https://sites.google.com/site/300orgsite/are-we-doomed .

“Methane Bomb Threat”: https://sites.google.com/site/methanebombthreat/ .

“Nuclear weapons ban , end poverty & reverse climate change”: https://sites.google.com/site/300orgsite/nuclear-weapons-ban .

"Too late to avoid global warming catastrophe": https://sites.google.com/site/300orgsite/too-late-to-avoid-global-warming .

“Stop state terrorism” : https://sites.google.com/site/stopstateterrorism/ [state and corporate complicity in worsening climate genocide and 7 million annual air pollution deaths from carbon fuel burning].

"State crime and non-state terrorism": https://sites.google.com/site/statecrimeandnonstateterrorism/ [state and corporate complicity in worsening climate genocide and 7 million annual air pollution deaths from carbon fuel burning].

“Climate terrorism: 400,000 climate change-related deaths globally annually versus an average of 4 US deaths from political terrorism annually since 9-11”: https://sites.google.com/site/statecrimeandnonstateterrorism/climate-terrorism .

“Carbon terrorism: 3 million US air pollution deaths versus 53 US political terrorism deaths since 9-11 (2001-2015)”: https://sites.google.com/site/statecrimeandnonstateterrorism/carbon-terrorism .

Some key analyses by Dr Gideon Polya (Melbourne scientist):

Gideon Polya, “Expert Witness Testimony To Stop Gas-Fired Power Plant Installation”, Countercurrents, 14 June, 2013: http://www.countercurrents.org/polya140613.htm .

Gideon Polya, " Doha climate change inaction. Only 5 years left to act", MWC News, 9 December 2012: http://mwcnews.net/focus/analysis/23373-gideonpolya-climate-change.html .

Gideon Polya, “Australia 's Huge Coal, Gas & Iron Ore Exports Threaten Planet”, Countercurrents, 15 May 2012: http://www.countercurrents.org/polya150512.htm .

Gideon Polya, “Country By Country Analysis Of Years Left Until Science-demanded Zero Greenhouse Gas Emissions”, Countercurrents, 11 June 2011: http://www.countercurrents.org/polya110611.htm .

Gideon Polya , “2015 A-to-Z Alphabetical List Of Actions And Advocacies For Climate Change Activists”, Countercurrents, 14 January, 2015: http://www.countercurrents.org/polya140115.htm

Gideon Polya, “100 Ideas For Climate Change Activists Trying To Save The Biosphere And Humanity”, Countercurrents, 10 August, 2013: http://www.countercurrents.org/polya100813.htm .

Gideon Polya, “Biochemical Targets Of Plant Bioactive Compounds”: moral & utilitarian reasons to stop ecocide, speciescide, omnicide & terracide”, Countercurrents, 22 February, 2015: http://www.countercurrents.org/polya220215.htm .

Gideon Polya. “Polya's 3 Laws Of Economics Expose Deadly, Dishonest And Terminal Neoliberal Capitalism”, Countercurrents, 17 October, 2015: http://www.countercurrents.org/polya171015.htm . Polya's 3 Laws of Economics mirror the 3 Laws of Therrnodynamics of science and are (1) Price minus COP (Cost of Production) equals profit; (2) Deception about COP strives to a maximum; and (3) No work, price or profit on a dead planet. These fundamental laws help expose the failure of neoliberal capitalism in relation to wealth inequality, massive tax evasion by multinational corporations, and horrendous avoidable deaths from poverty and pollution culminating in general ecocide, speciescide, climate genocide, omnicide and terracide.

“Climate change articles by Dr Gideon Polya”: https://sites.google.com/site/drgideonpolya/climate-change-articles .

“Climate change websites created by Dr Gideon Polya”: https://sites.google.com/site/drgideonpolya/climate-change-websites .

“Gideon Polya”: https://sites.google.com/site/drgideonpolya/home .

“Gideon Polya Writing”: https://sites.google.com/site/gideonpolyawriting/ .

Gideon Polya, “Revised Annual Per Capita Greenhouse Gas Pollution For All Countries – What Is Your Country Doing?”, Countercurrents, 6 January, 2016: http://www.countercurrents.org/polya060116.htm

Open Letter to Australian Federal MPs: young betrayed & climate revolution now: https://sites.google.com/site/gideonpolyawriting/2015-9-6 .

“Free university education”: https://sites.google.com/site/freeuniversityeducation/ .

(A) Air pollution deaths by country and region.

AUSTRALIA. Re annual carbon fuel burning –related deaths: “Australian How many Australians die each year from the effects of pollutants from vehicles, coal burning for electricity and other carbon burning? Answer: about 2,200, 4,600 and 2,800, respectively. Given Australia's annual Domestic GHG pollution of about 552 Mt CO2-e (2011) and given a "value of a statistical life" (VOSL) of $7.6 million per person ($73 billion pa for Australian carbon burning-related deaths) and $10 billion pa in fossil fuel subsidies, the minimum Carbon Price to cover carbon burning-derived deaths and carbon burning subsidies is $7.6 million X 9,600 = $73 billion plus $10 billion = $83,000 million/552 Mt CO2-e = or $150 per tonne CO2-e (A$555 per tonne C) as compared to the best political offer yet of $23 per tonne CO2-e (see “2011. Australian carbon burning-related deaths and carbon burning subsidies => minimum Carbon Price of A$554 per tonne carbon”, Yarra Valley Climate Action Group, 2011: https://sites.google.com/site/yarravalleyclimateactiongroup/2011-carbon-burning ; for the Canadian and New Zealand data on which these estimates are based see G.W. Fisher et al., “Health effects due to motor vehicle pollution in New Zealand”, Report to NZ Government, 20 January 2002: http://www.transport.govt.nz/research/Documents/health-effects-of-vehicle-emissions.pdf and Paul Gipe, “ Ontario study identifies social costs of coal-fired power plants”, EV World: http://www.evworld.com/news.cfm?newsid=8836 ).

If one widens the air pollution deaths to include transport and smoking-related deaths, annually in Australia there are 83,000 preventable deaths of which 36,900 are directly linked to carbon fuel burning or smoking, specifically 15,500 smoking-related, 10,000 carbon burning pollution-derived, 1,400 road deaths, 2,000 of 4,000 avoidable Indigenous Australian deaths annually that are linked to smoking, and , say, 50% or 8,500 out of 17,0000 preventable deaths from obesity that are linked to use of motorized transport (see Gideon Polya, “Australian State Terrorism - Zero Australian Terrorism Deaths, 1 Million Preventable Australian Deaths & 10 Million Muslims Killed By US Alliance Since 9-11”, Countercurrents, 23 September, 2014: http://www.countercurrents.org/polya230914.htm ). However there are 26,000 annual Australian deaths from adverse hospital events and the carbon burning pollution-derived proportion of this is 36,900 x 26,000/83,000 = 11,559, for a total of 48,460 or about 48,000 annual Australian preventable deaths linked to air pollution from carbon fuel burning (for heat, power and transport) and smoking.

Australia’s contribution to 7 million air pollution deaths annually.

(A) Australia’s annual Domestic plus Exported GHG pollution in 2015 was 2,111 Mt CO2-e as compared to the world’s 42,000 Mt CO2-e (this figure excluding most of the methanogenesis contribution; see Robert Goodland and Jeff Anfang. “Livestock and climate change. What if the key actors in climate change are … cows, pigs and chickens?”, World Watch, November/December 2009: http://www.worldwatch.org/files/pdf/Livestock%20and%20Climate%20Change.pdf ). Assuming that Australia’s contribution was all Outdoor, and that 50% of Outdoor deaths were due to coal and gas burning, then Australia’s contribution to circa 3.5 million deaths from Outdoor carbon fuel burning pollution would be 0.5 x 2,111 x 3.5 million/42,000 = 0.0875 million = 87,500 or about 90,000 deaths per year.

(B) Australia’s thermal and coking coal Exports in 2015 totalled 921 Mt CO2-e and the Australian contribution to global deaths as in (A) would be 921 x 3.5 million/42,000 = 77,000 to which we could add 10,000 Australian deaths from Domestic pollution for a total of 87,000 or circa 90,000 carbon fuel burning pollution deaths annually.

(C) World production of coal was 7, 823 Mt in 2013 of which 336 were Australian coal exports (see “World Coal Association, “Coal statistics”: http://www.worldcoal.org/resources/coal-statistics/ ) and the use of this coal for energy or metallurgy was associated with about half of the 3.5 million Outdoor pollution-related deaths annually (see World Health Organization (WHO), “7 million premature deaths annually linked to air pollution”: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2014/air-pollution/en/ and “Stop air pollution deaths”: https://sites.google.com/site/300orgsite/stop-air-pollution-deaths ).

Accordingly, notionally assuming burning coal being responsible for 50% of the Outdoor air pollution deaths, we can estimate that Australia’s annual coal exports of 336 Mt in 2015 were associated with 0.5 x 336 Mt coal x (3.5 million deaths/ 7,823 Mt coal ) = 75,000 deaths annually.

(D) Contribution of one proposed Australian coal mine. According to Nasdaq: “The proposed Alpha mine [Queensland] is targeted to produce 32 million tons of coal annually over at least 30 years. But developing the Galilee Basin's resources still faces big challenges”, (Nasdaq, “Large Australian coal project clears legal hurdle”, Nasdaq, 4 September 2015: http://www.nasdaq.com/article/large-australian-coal-project-clears-legal-hurdle-20150904-00016 ).

We can also similarly estimate that the annual coal exports from the Alpha mine in Queensland, Australia, of 32 Mt will be ultimately associated with 0.5 x 32 Mt coal x (3.5 million deaths / 7,823 Mt coal ) = 0.00715 million = 7,150 or about 7,000 deaths annually and about 210,000 deaths from over 30 years of production and use.

To put these 7,150 deaths annually from Alpha coal exports into a topical context, about 16,400 civilians have been killed by the US Alliance or ISIS in the Iraq Civil War in the period January 2014 to May 2015 (17 months) or 16,400 x 12/17 = 11,600 per year (see “Iraq War (2014-present)”, Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War_%282014%E2%80%93present%29 ).

(E) The proposed Carmichael coal mine in Queensland’s Galilee Basin will involve exports of 60Mt thermal coal annually and export of 2,300 Mt coal over the mine’s 60 year lifetime (“Carmichael coal mine”, Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmichael_coal_mine ).

7 million people die from air pollution each year of whom about half die from Outdoors pollution (World Health Organization (WHO), “7 million premature deaths annually linked to air pollution”: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2014/air-pollution/en/ and “Stop air pollution deaths”: https://sites.google.com/site/300orgsite/stop-air-pollution-deaths ).

Human and Carbon Debt cost of the proposed Carmichael coal mine in the Galilee Basin in Queensland, Australia.

World production of coal was 7, 823 Mt in 2013 of which 336 Mt were Australian coal exports (see “World Coal Association, “Coal statistics”: http://www.worldcoal.org/resources/coal-statistics/ ) and the use of this coal for energy or metallurgy was associated with about 3.5 million Outdoor pollution-related deaths annually (see World Health Organization (WHO), “7 million premature deaths annually linked to air pollution”: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2014/air-pollution/en/ and “Stop air pollution deaths”: https://sites.google.com/site/300orgsite/stop-air-pollution-deaths ).

Accordingly, notionally assuming burning coal being responsible for 50% of the Outdoor air pollution deaths, we can estimate that Australia’s annual coal exports of 336 Mt in 2015 would eventually be associated with 0.5 x 336 Mt coal x (3.5 million deaths/ 7,823 Mt coal ) = 75,000 deaths annually.

The Carmichael coal mine’s 60 Mt coal /year is projected to eventually kill 75,000 people x 60 Mt per year /336 Mt = 13, 392 people per year (applying a risk-avoidance–based Valued of a Statistical Life, VOSL, of about $7 million per person (

“Value of life”, Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value_of_life

), this corresponds to a hidden cost of $93.7 billion).

The Carmichael coal mine’s lifetime production of 2,300 Mt coal is projected to eventually kill 75,000 x 2,300 Mt/336 Mt = 513,392 people (applying a risk-avoidance–based Valued of a Statistical Life, VOSL, of about $7 million per person, this corresponds to a hidden cost of $3,710 billion).

.Assuming that the Carmichael coal is 80% carbon then burning this thermal coal will generate 2.9 t CO2/t coal (see Gideon Polya, “Australia 's Huge Coal, Gas & Iron Ore Exports Threaten Planet”, Countercurrents, 15 May 2012: http://www.countercurrents.org/polya150512.htm . and “2011 climate change course”: https://sites.google.com/site/300orgsite/2011-climate-change-course ).

Accordingly on combustion Carmichael coal will each year generate 60 Mt coal x 2.9 t CO2/t coal = 174 Mt CO2 per year and over the mine lifetime generate 2,300 Mt coal x 2.9 t CO2/t coal = 6,670 Mt CO2.

Science-trained, science—informed and morality-informed Green left Pope Francis has demanded that the environmental and social cost of pollution be “fully borne” by the greenhouse gas (GHG) polluters (Section 195, Pope Francis, Encyclical Letter “Laudato si’”, 2015: http://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/encyclicals/documents/papa-francesco_20150524_enciclica-laudato-si.html ) .The damage-related Carbon Price for greenhouse gas (GHG) pollution has been costed by climate economist Dr Chris Hope of 90-Nobel-Laureate Cambridge University at US$200 per tonne CO2-e (Dr Chris Hope, “How high should climate change taxes be?”, Working Paper Series, Judge Business School, University of Cambridge, 9.2011: http://www.jbs.cam.ac.uk/media/assets/wp1109.pdf )

Accordingly the damage-related Carbon Debt associated with burning Carmichael coal is 174 Mt CO2 per year x $200/t CO2 = $34.8 billion per year and 6.670 Gt CO2 x $200/t CO2 = $1,334 billion over the mine lifetime.

The price of Australian thermal coal has plummeted steadily from $142/t coal in January 2011 to about $63 in mid-2015 (see Index Mundi, “Coal, Australian thermal coal Monthly Price - US Dollars per Metric Ton”: http://www.indexmundi.com/commodities/?commodity=coal-australian&months=60 ).

Accordingly the income from Carmichael coal would be presently 60 Mt coal per year x $63/t coal = $3.8 billion per year and (at this price) 2,300 Mt coal x $63/t coal = $145 billion over the mine lifetime.

Summary.

The annual income from Carmichael coal of $3.8 billion from $63 /t coal applied to 60 Mt Coal exported annually (most of which may vanish overseas) will be hugely exceeded: (a) by a factor of about 10 times by the resultant $34.8 billion Carbon Debt from applying an expertly-determined $200/t CO2 damage-related Carbon Price to the 174 Mt CO2 estimated from 2.9 t CO2/t coal from burning the exported 60 Mt thermal coal, and (b) by a factor of about 25 times by the $94 billion hidden mortality-related cost from applying the $7 million per person risk-avoidance–based Valued Of a Statistical Life (VOSL) to the 13,400 annual deaths from pollutants deriving from the burning of the annual export of 60 Mt thermal coal (see “Stop air pollution deaths”: https://sites.google.com/site/300orgsite/stop-air-pollution-deaths and scroll down to “Australia”)

The massive intergenerational injustice and intergenerational inequity being proposed for the young and future generations by the Carmichael project underscores the utter unacceptability of the proposed Turnbull COALition Government’s suggestion via the Minster for Resources, Energy and Northern Australia, Josh Frydenberg, of using the Federal Government’s $5 billion infrastructure fund to subsidize Galilee Basin coal mining (e.g. via the building a rail line to the coast for coal transhipment to Asia via Australia’s endangered and iconic Great Barrier Reef) (see Lisa Cox, “Josh Frydenberg says $5 billion northern Australia fund could be used to fund coal”, Sydney Morning Herald, 23 September 2015: http://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/josh-frydenberg-says-5-billion-northern-australia-fund-could-be-used-to-finance-coal-20150922-gjstnp.html ).

One notes that (a) the Coalition policies of 26-28% off 2005 greenhouse gas (GHG) pollution by 2030 and unlimited GHG exports mean that Australia’s Domestic plus Exported GHG pollution will increase, not decrease (climate change inaction); (b) assuming a damage-related Carbon Price of US$200 per tonne CO2-equivalent, the inescapable Carbon Debt for Australia is $11 trillion and increasing at $600 billion per year and at $60,000 per head per year for under-30 year old Australians; and (c) 83,000 Australians die preventably each year and of these 10,000 die from carbon fuel burning pollutants. Globally, 7 million people die from air pollution each year (WHO) and 75,000 of these die from burning of exported Australian coal (see “2015-9-17 Open Letter to PM Malcolm Turnbull re GHG pollution”, Gideon Polya Writing: https://sites.google.com/site/gideonpolyawriting/2015-9-17 ).

Josh Frydenberg should be immediately replaced in the pro-coal Turnbull Ministry. Sensible, science-informed Australians will utterly reject the COALition, vote 1 Green and put the COALition last.

A recent report in The Lancet (April 2017) could greatly increase the above estimate of 13,000 deaths per year due to Adani coal combustion and 0.5 million such deaths over the life-time of the mine to over 35,000 deaths per year and 1.36 million deaths over the life-time of the Adani coal mine.

The Times of India (2017): “The smog over northern India is extracting a heavy toll, every minute two lives are lost in India due to ambient air pollution, the study published in The Lancet says. … Contradicting some of the Indian reports, The Lancet says coal fired power plants contribute to 50 per cent of the ambient air pollution” (Times of India, “Two Indians die every minute due to air pollution: study”, Times of India, 19 February 2017: http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/environment/pollution/two-indians-die-every-minute-due-to-air-pollution-study/articleshow/57231762.cms ) [2 deaths per minute x 60 minutes per hour x 24 hours per day x 365.25 days per year = 1,051,920 deaths per year].

The Indian coal pollution deaths estimate from the top medical journal The Lancet is much higher than that reported by Greenpeace: “The first ever estimation of death and disease due to coal-fired power plants in India estimates between 85,000 to 115,000 people killed in 2011-12” (“Coal kills. As assessment of death and disease caused by India’s dirtiest energy source”, Greenpeace India, 12 March 2013: http://www.greenpeace.org/india/en/publications/Coal-Kills/ .”

Kirit S. Parikh is Chairman, Integrated Research and Action for Development, and former Member, Planning Commission. “The total coal consumption in India in 2014-15, accounting for the 50 per cent higher calorie content of 210 MT of imported coal, was 924 MT of domestic coal equivalent” (Kirit S. Parikh, “Realising energy sector targets”, The Hindu, 5 September 2016: http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/Realising-energy-sector-targets/article14623328.ece ). Indian coal consumption in 2012-2103 was 870 Mt ( “Indian coal consumption by year, Index Mundi, 2013: https://www.indexmundi.com/energy/?country=in&product=coal&graph=consumption ).

Assuming all the 60 Mt Adani coal goes to India (most will), 0.5 x 1,090,400 Indian deaths per year x 60 Mt /924 Mt = 35,403 or about 35,000 Indian deaths per year and 0.5 x 1,090,400 Indian deaths per year x 2,300 Mt /924 Mt = 1,357,100 or about 1.36 million Indian deaths over the lifetime of the Adani project due to combustion of Adani coal from climate criminal Australia.

(F) BHP Billiton.

World production of coal was 7, 823 Mt in 2013 of which 336 were Australian coal exports (see “World Coal Association, “Coal statistics”: http://www.worldcoal.org/resources/coal-statistics/ ) and the use of this coal for energy or metallurgy is inescapably linked to about 3.5 million Outdoor pollution-related deaths annually (see World Health Organization (WHO), “7 million premature deaths annually linked to air pollution”: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2014/air-pollution/en/ and “Stop air pollution deaths”: https://sites.google.com/site/300orgsite/stop-air-pollution-deaths ).

According to Wikipedia: “Jointly owned with Mitsubishi Development Pty Ltd, BHP Billiton Mitsubishi Alliance (BMA) is Australia’s largest coal miner and exporter, and the world's largest supplier to the sea borne coking coal market… The mines managed by the BMA have a capacity to produce 58 million tonnes [58 Mt] of coal annually, which are currently sold to over 93 customers in 23 countries, including Japan, the UK, Europe, South America, Korea, Taiwan and India” (“Coal companies of Australia” , Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_companies_of_Australia ).

Accordingly, pollutants from the burning of BHP Billiton’s 58 Mt of Australia’s 336 Mt of annual coal exports would ultimately be associated with 75,000 deaths x 58 Mt/ 336 Mt = 13,000 deaths annually.

Barbarous ISIS non-state terrorists and the equally barbarous US Alliance state terrorists (including Australian state terrorists) have been killing about 12,000 Iraqis each year (see “Iraq War (2014-present)”, Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War_%282014%E2%80%93present%29 ) as compared to the 75,000 annual deaths from the burning of Australian coal exports – carbon terrorism, climate terrorism, deadly climate criminality and a fundamental reason why decent Australians will utterly reject the pro-coal Lib-Labs (Liberal-Laborals, COALition and Labor Right), vote 1 Green and put the COALition last.

(G) Shenhua Group.

The Chinese coal company Shenhua sells 588 Mt coal each year as compared to the world total of 7,823 Mt coal the burning of which is associated with 1.75 million deaths annually. Accordingly Shenhua’s coal sales on combustion are associated with 588 Mt coal x 1.75 million deaths/ 7,823 Mt coal = 131,535 or about 132,000 deaths per year (Shenhua Group”, Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenhua_Group ).

The Australian Turnbull Coalition Government-approved Shenhua coal mining in the agriculturally rich Liverpool Plains in New South Wales will generate 10 Mt coal compared to Australia’s present 336 Mt of annual coal exports that are associated after combustion with 75,000 deaths annually and thus will be associated with 10 Mt coal per year x 75,000 deaths/ 336 Mt coal = 2,232 or about 2,000 deaths annually (see ABC Fact Check, “Fact check: Is the proposed Shenhua Watermark coal mine located in the middle of Australia’s best agricultural land?”, 1 September 2015: http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-08-26/shenhua-watermark-coal-mine-barnaby-joyce-fact-check/6660140 ).

[Editor’s note: 18 million Australians (or 75% of Australia ‘s 2015 population of 24 million) live in urban areas and translating the London pollution-related mortality data (see LONDON (UK) below) to urban Australia corresponds to 9,416 deaths x 18 million/ 8.6 million = 19,707 or about 20,000 urban Australian deaths annually from air pollution involving fine carbon particulates and NO2.]

Further editorial comment re Australian coal industry:

The world’s largest coal mine has been approved by the anti-environment, anti-science, climate criminal, pro-coal KOALition Government under all smiles, oh so charming but lipstick-on-a-pig, Abbott-lite, Abbott-in-sheep’s-clothing Malcolm Turnbull (aka Malcolm Turncoat, Tony Turnbull, Malcolm Abbott, Mr Harborside Mansion and the 200-million-dollar-man PM of Australia).

It is useful to see what Australian coal exports actually cost as well as earn as set out below in US dollars (for global details see “Stop air pollution deaths”: https://sites.google.com/site/300orgsite/stop-air-pollution-deaths and scroll down to Australia).

A current coal price of $55 per tonne coal (in 2016) and 336 million tonne Australian coal exports per year mean an annual income from coal of $18.5 billion. “Australians for coal” estimates 200,000 coal jobs which at a notional $75,000 (A$100,000) per job per year correspond to $15 billion per year.

However pollutants from the burning of exported Australian coal kill about 75,000 people each year worldwide (cf 12,000 deaths per year in the Iraq Civil War) and - assuming all men are created equal and a US risk avoidance-based Value of a Statistical Life (VOSL) of $7 million per person - this carnage costs $525 billion per year or 28 times greater than the income from coal.

Burning of 336 million tonnes coal (about 80% carbon) generates about 974 million tonnes CO2 and the damage-related Carbon Price of $200 per tonne CO2-equivalent means an inescapable additional Carbon Debt each year for future generations of $194.8 billion or 11 times greater than the income from coal.

And then there is the contribution of Australia’s world leading coal exports and Australia’s disproportionately high greenhouse gas (GHG) pollution to ecocide, speciescide and eventual omnicide and terracide, noting that any ecosystem or species is priceless. On the basis of “annual per capita income weighted annual per capital greenhouse gas pollution” Australia is the third worst country in the world with a score of 307 (673 if including GHG exports) as compared to 0.3 for India, Pakistan and Bangladesh (see Gideon Polya, “Exposing And Thence Punishing Worst Polluter Nations Via Weighted Annual Per Capita Greenhouse Gas Pollution Scores”, Countercurrents, 19 March, 2016: http://www.countercurrents.org/polya190316.htm ).

Australia’s ecocidal, speciescidal, homicidal, omnicidal, terracidal and climate criminal coal industry is backed by the pro-coal, climate criminal Lib-Labs (KOALition and Labor Right) and illustrates Polya’s 3 Laws of Economics, that mirror the 3 Laws of Therrnodynamics and are (1) Price minus COP (Cost of Production) equals profit; (2) Deception about COP strives to a maximum; and (3) No work, price or profit on a dead planet (see Gideon Polya, “Polya's 3 Laws Of Economics Expose Deadly, Dishonest And Terminal Neoliberal Capitalism”, Countercurrents, 17 October, 2015: http://www.countercurrents.org/polya171015.htm ).

Assuming a damage-related Carbon Price in USD of $200 per tonne CO2-e, the World has a Carbon Debt of $360 trillion that is increasing at $13 trillion per year, and Australia has a Carbon Debt of $7.5 trillion (A$10 trillion) that is increasing at $400 billion (A$533 billion) per year and at $40,000 (A$53,000) per head per year for under-30 year old Australians (“Carbon Debt Carbon Credit”: https://sites.google.com/site/carbondebtcarboncredit/ ).

Silence kills and silence is complicity – the Carbon Debt-ignoring, climate criminal deception by the ever self-enriching, pro-coal, pro-gas, anti-science , neoliberal One Percenters and complicit Mainstream media, politician and academic presstitutes means that 7 million people die annually from air pollution, 17 million people die avoidably each year from deprivation and a worsening Climate Genocide will mean 10 billion global deaths this century if man-made global warming is not requisitely addressed (see “Climate Genocide”: https://sites.google.com/site/climategenocide/ ).

Decent people must (a) inform everyone they can, and (b) apply Boycotts, Divestment and Sanctions (BDS) and zero tolerance against all people, politicians, parties, countries, companies and corporations disproportionately involved in the terracidal rape of the Earth. We must have Climate Revolution now (peacefully of course) (see "Climate Revolution Now": https://sites.google.com/site/300orgsite/climate-revolution ). In this 2016 election year for Australia, decent, science-informed Australians who care for the young and future generations will utterly reject the pro-coal KOALition and pro-coal Labor Right, vote 1 Green and put the KOALition last.

BANGLADESH. 122,400 Bangladeshi deaths annually that are attributable to ambient particulate matter pollution: Cohen, Brauer et al. (2017): “Ambient PM2·5 was the fifth-ranking mortality risk factor in 2015. Exposure to PM2·5 caused 4·2 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 3·7 million to 4·8 million) deaths and 103·1 million (90·8 million 115·1 million) disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2015, representing 7·6% of total global deaths and 4·2% of global DALYs, 59% of these in east and south Asia. Deaths attributable to ambient PM2·5 increased from 3·5 million (95% UI 3·0 million to 4·0 million) in 1990 to 4·2 million (3·7 million to 4·8 million) in 2015. Exposure to ozone caused an additional 254 000 (95% UI 97 000–422 000) deaths and a loss of 4·1 million (1·6 million to 6·8 million) DALYs from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in 2015… Table 2, 2015 estimates of mortality and disability-adjusted life-years attributable to ambient particulate matter pollution and population-weighted mean particulate matter pollution in the world's ten most populous countries… Deaths in thousands … China 1108.1 , India 1090.4, USA 88.4, Indonesia 78.6, Brazil 52.3, Pakistan 135.1, Nigeria 50.9, Bangladesh 122.4, Russia 136.9, Japan 60.6 ” [Editor: the sum of East Asia and South Asia = 2,516,600 = 59.9% of total global deaths from ambient particulate matter pollution] (Aaron J Cohen, Michael Brauer et al., “Estimates and 25-year trends of the global burden of disease attributable to ambient air pollution: an analysis of data from the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2015”,The Lancet, April 2017: http://thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)30505-6/fulltext - see Table 2, “2015 estimates of mortality and disability-adjusted life-years attributable to ambient particulate matter pollution and population-weighted mean particulate matter pollution in the world's ten most populous countries”).

BRAZIL. 52,300 Brazilian deaths yearly attributable to ambient particulate matter pollution: Cohen, Brauer et al. (2017): “Ambient PM2·5 was the fifth-ranking mortality risk factor in 2015. Exposure to PM2·5 caused 4·2 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 3·7 million to 4·8 million) deaths and 103·1 million (90·8 million 115·1 million) disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2015, representing 7·6% of total global deaths and 4·2% of global DALYs, 59% of these in east and south Asia. Deaths attributable to ambient PM2·5 increased from 3·5 million (95% UI 3·0 million to 4·0 million) in 1990 to 4·2 million (3·7 million to 4·8 million) in 2015. Exposure to ozone caused an additional 254 000 (95% UI 97 000–422 000) deaths and a loss of 4·1 million (1·6 million to 6·8 million) DALYs from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in 2015… Table 2, 2015 estimates of mortality and disability-adjusted life-years attributable to ambient particulate matter pollution and population-weighted mean particulate matter pollution in the world's ten most populous countries… Deaths in thousands … China 1108.1 , India 1090.4, USA 88.4, Indonesia 78.6, Brazil 52.3, Pakistan 135.1, Nigeria 50.9, Bangladesh 122.4, Russia 136.9, Japan 60.6 ” [Editor: the sum of East Asia and South Asia = 2,516,600 = 59.9% of total global deaths from ambient particulate matter pollution] (Aaron J Cohen, Michael Brauer et al., “Estimates and 25-year trends of the global burden of disease attributable to ambient air pollution: an analysis of data from the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2015”,The Lancet, April 2017: http://thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)30505-6/fulltext - see Table 2, “2015 estimates of mortality and disability-adjusted life-years attributable to ambient particulate matter pollution and population-weighted mean particulate matter pollution in the world's ten most populous countries”).

CANADA.

Report (2008): “[The Canadian Medical Association] says 21,000 Canadians, mostly seniors, will die this year from a combination of short- and long-term exposure to air pollution. It predicts the annual death toll will rise 83 per cent to 39,000 deaths a year by 2031.The majority will die from heart and lung conditions caused by years of breathing dirty air, the study says. However, nearly 2,700 people will die from short-term exposure this year. The study predicts the number of deaths from short-term exposure will ramp up to 4,900 people a year by 2013. Pollution is also expected to cost the economy and health-care system $8 billion this year in medical costs and lost productivity, the study says. By 2031, these costs will have accumulated to total more than $250 billion. The Canadian Medical Association's estimates are conservative since the study assumed air pollution will not increase above current levels” (Steve Rennie, “CMA sees sharp rise in air pollution deaths”, The Star, 13 August 2008: https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2008/08/13/cma_sees_sharp_rise_in_air_pollution_deaths.html ).

ONTARIO, CANADA. Paul Gipe (2005): “Ontario generates nearly 27 TWh per year from 6,450 MW of coal-fired power plants, almost one-fifth of total provincial generation… The study, "Cost Benefit Analysis: Replacing Ontario's Coal-Fired Electricity Generation," was conducted by DSS Management Consultants Inc. for the Ontario Ministry of Energy... Coal plants kill 668 people per year in Ontario, says the report, and cause 1,100 emergency room visits, and more than 300,000 minor illnesses per year. These and previous findings by the Ontario Medical Association were the rationale used by Ontario's ruling party in arriving at its campaign promise [to close coal-fired plants]… In sum, the Ontario report estimates that the net present value of total environmental and health costs from operating the existing coal plants during the 22-year time horizon of the study is $0.127 CAD/kWh. The study estimated that the total net present value of coal-fired generation is costing Ontario $0.164 CAD/kWh. Environmental and health costs accounted for 77% to total generation costs. The total cost of gas-fired generation was $0.098/kWh CAD; the gas-nuclear case: $0.072/kWh CAD; and the implementation of stringent new controls on coal: $0.105/kWh CAD” (see Paul Gipe, “Ontario study identifies social costs of coal-fired power plants”, EV World, 7 July 2005: http://www.evworld.com/news.cfm?newsid=8836 ; also see "Cost Benefit Analysis: Replacing Ontario's Coal-Fired Electricity

Generation" by DSS Management Consultants Inc. and RWDI Air Inc., for the Ontario Ministry of Energy, April, 2005, 93 pages: http://www.energy.gov.on.ca/english/pdf/electricity/coal_cost_benefit_analysis_april2005.pdf ).

[Editor’s note: $0.164 CAD/kWh (total cost) - $0.127 CAD/kWh (environmental and health costs) = $0.037 CAD/kWh (market price) i.e. the true cost of coal-based power is ).164/0.037 = 4.4 times greater than the market price].

CHINA. New York Times report (2013): “Outdoor air pollution contributed to 1.2 million premature deaths in China in 2010, nearly 40 percent of the global total, according to a new summary of data from a scientific study on leading causes of death worldwide. Figured another way, the researchers said, China’s toll from pollution was the loss of 25 million healthy years of life from the population. The data on which the analysis is based was first presented in the ambitious 2010 Global Burden of Disease Study, which was published in December in The Lancet, a British medical journal. The authors decided to break out numbers for specific countries and present the findings at international conferences. The China statistics were offered at a forum in Beijing on Sunday” (see Edward Wong, “Air pollution linked to 1.2 million premature deaths in China”, New York Times, 1 April 2013: http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/02/world/asia/air-pollution-linked-to-1-2-million-deaths-in-china.html?_r=0 ).

AP Report (2015): “Air pollution is killing about 4,000 people in China a day, accounting for 1 in 6 premature deaths in the world’s most populous country, a new study finds. Physicists at the University of California, Berkeley, calculated that about 1.6 million people in China die each year from heart, lung and stroke problems because of incredibly polluted air, especially small particles of haze. Earlier studies put the annual Chinese air pollution death toll at 1 to 2 million, but this is the first to use newly released Chinese air monitoring figures. The study released Thursday blamed emissions from the burning of coal, both for electricity and heating homes” (AP, “U.S. study puts China air pollution deaths at 4,000 a day; particulates particularly blamed”, The Japan Times, 14 August 2015: http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2015/08/14/asia-pacific/science-health-asia-pacific/u-s-study-puts-china-air-pollution-deaths-4000-day-particulates-particularly-faulted/#.VdxsPZdG271 ).

[Editor note: 4,000 pollution deaths per day x 365.25 days per year x 6 = 8.8 million premature deaths annually in China of which 4,000 x 365.25 = 1.5 million are due to carbon fuel burning pollution. ].

1,108,100 million Chinese deaths attributable to ambient particulate matter pollution: Cohen, Brauer et al. (2017): “Ambient PM2·5 was the fifth-ranking mortality risk factor in 2015. Exposure to PM2·5 caused 4·2 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 3·7 million to 4·8 million) deaths and 103·1 million (90·8 million 115·1 million) disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2015, representing 7·6% of total global deaths and 4·2% of global DALYs, 59% of these in east and south Asia. Deaths attributable to ambient PM2·5 increased from 3·5 million (95% UI 3·0 million to 4·0 million) in 1990 to 4·2 million (3·7 million to 4·8 million) in 2015. Exposure to ozone caused an additional 254 000 (95% UI 97 000–422 000) deaths and a loss of 4·1 million (1·6 million to 6·8 million) DALYs from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in 2015… Table 2, 2015 estimates of mortality and disability-adjusted life-years attributable to ambient particulate matter pollution and population-weighted mean particulate matter pollution in the world's ten most populous countries… Deaths in thousands … China 1108.1 , India 1090.4, USA 88.4, Indonesia 78.6, Brazil 52.3, Pakistan 135.1, Nigeria 50.9, Bangladesh 122.4, Russia 136.9, Japan 60.6 ” [Editor: the sum of East Asia and South Asia = 2,516,600 = 59.9% of total global deaths from ambient particulate matter pollution] (Aaron J Cohen, Michael Brauer et al., “Estimates and 25-year trends of the global burden of disease attributable to ambient air pollution: an analysis of data from the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2015”,The Lancet, April 2017: http://thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)30505-6/fulltext - see Table 2, “2015 estimates of mortality and disability-adjusted life-years attributable to ambient particulate matter pollution and population-weighted mean particulate matter pollution in the world's ten most populous countries”).

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES (INDOOR AIR POLLUTION)

Stephen Gordon et al: “A third of the world's population uses solid fuel derived from plant material (biomass) or coal for cooking, heating, or lighting. These fuels are smoky, often used in an open fire or simple stove with incomplete combustion, and result in a large amount of household air pollution when smoke is poorly vented. Air pollution is the biggest environmental cause of death worldwide, with household air pollution accounting for about 3·5–4 million deaths every year. Women and children living in severe poverty have the greatest exposures to household air pollution” (Stephen Gordon et al, “Respiratory risk from household air pollution in low and middle income countries” ”, The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, volume 2 (10) 823-860, 2014: http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanres/article/PIIS2213-2600%2814%2970168-7/fulltext ).

WHO (2004): “The national burden of disease due to indoor air pollution from solid fuel use was first assessed for the year 2002, then updated for the year 2004. In addition to total deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) due to indoor air pollution, country-by-country estimates are also available for deaths due to acute lower respiratory infections (ALRI) among children as well as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer among adults. Deaths and DALYs [disability-adjusted life years] due to indoor air pollution are very unequally distributed: Among the 20 worst-affected countries - Afghanistan, Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Chad, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Niger, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Somalia and Tajikistan - approximately 5% or more of the total burden of disease is caused by indoor air pollution. In 10 countries - Afghanistan, Angola, Bangladesh, China, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, India, Indonesia, Nigeria, and Pakistan - indoor air pollution is responsible for a total of more than 1.5 million deaths a year” (WHO, “National burden of disease due to indoor air pollution”, 2004: http://www.who.int/indoorair/health_impacts/burden_national/en/ ).

WHO: “Burden of disease due to indoor air pollution from solid fuel use for the year 2002. Total deaths attributable to solid fuel use” (see WHO, “Indoor air pollution: national burden of disease estimates”, 2007: http://www.who.int/indoorair/publications/indoor_air_national_burden_estimate_revised.pdf?ua=1 ):

AFGHANISTAN 23,900.

ANGOLA 22,000.

BANGLADESH 46,000.

BURKINA FASO 21,500.

CHINA 380,700.

CONGO (DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC) 47,100.

ETHIOPIA 56,700.

INDIA 407,100.

NIGERIA 79,000.

PAKISTAN 70,700.

UGANDA 19,900.

TANZANIA 27,500.

EUROPE. Time report (2015): “Hundreds of thousands of people in the E.U. — perhaps millions, if present trends continue — will suffer premature death in the next two decades because of toxic air, a new report says. Tuesday’s State of the Environment Report for 2015, from the European Environment Agency (EEA) blames governments for inaction and says that in 2011 alone — the most recent year for which there is a reliable tally — over 400,000 Europeans died prematurely from air pollution” (Sabrina Toppa, “Huge numbers of Europeans will die from air pollution in the next 20 years”, Time, 3 March 2015: http://time.com/3729637/europe-air-pollution-deaths-eu-environment/ ).

Guardian report (2015): “The death toll from air pollution, usually put at around 29,000 a year in the UK, could be substantially higher because the lethal effect of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), emitted during fossil fuel burning, has not been taken into account, experts believe. Until now, only deaths linked to fine particles, less than 2.5mm in diameter (PM2.5) have been estimated. In cities, these come primarily from cars, lorries and buses but they are also produced by the burning of wood, heating oil or coal for domestic or industrial purposes, or in forest fires. Deaths from air pollution globally are rising. The Global Burden of Disease study from the Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation at the University of Washington in Seattle found that there were 3.4 million deaths from outdoor pollution in 2010, which was an increase from three million in 1990. Adding in the effects of indoor pollution, mostly from cooking fires in the developing world, brings the global death toll to seven million a year according to the World Health Organisation (WHO)… In Europe, the WHO estimates about 500,000 people die prematurely as a result of air pollution every year. But this death toll may be significantly higher if NO2 were factored in. Adding those deaths to the count is difficult though, because there is an overlap. It is hard to know which traffic emissions have done harm to people who live alongside major roads. But a WHO report last year concluded that NO2 was an additional cause of death and the UK government’s committee on the medical effects of air pollution (COMEAP) is now attempting to put figures on it” (Sarah Boseley, “Air pollution may cause more UK deaths than previously thought”, Guardian, 2 April 2015: http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/apr/02/air-pollution-may-cause-more-uk-deaths-than-previously-thought-say-scientists ).

[Editor’s note: translating the revised London pollution-related mortality data that take NO2 into account (see LONDON (UK) below) could revise annual UK air pollution deaths upwards to 29,000 x 9,416/3,537 = 77,202 or about 77,000 and could revise annual European air pollution deaths upwards to 500,000 x 9,416/3,537 = 1.3 million].

INDIA. Sarath K. Guttikunda, , Rahul Goel and Pallavi Pant (2014): “The global burden of disease study estimated 695,000 premature deaths in 2010 due to continued exposure to outdoor particulate matter and ozone pollution for India” (Sarath K. Guttikunda, , Rahul Goel and Pallavi Pant, “Nature of air pollution, emissions sources, and management in the Indian cities”, Atmospheric environment, Volume 95, October 2014, Pages 501–510: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1352231014005275 ).

As described above under AUSTRALIA, one can crudely calculate 13,000 Indian deaths per year due to combustion of Adani coal from Australia and 0.5 million Indian deaths over the lifetime of the huge proposed Adani Carmichael coal mine in Queensland, Australia.

However, in April 2017 report in the leading medical journal The Lancet of 1,090,400 Indian deaths annually from ambient (outside) air pollution (PM2.5 carbon particulates being the major contributor). Indoors pollution deaths could approximately double the above estimate of 1,090,400 Indian deaths annually due to air pollution of which half is due to coal burning for electricity:

Cohen, Brauer et al. (2017): “Ambient PM2·5 was the fifth-ranking mortality risk factor in 2015. Exposure to PM2·5 caused 4·2 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 3·7 million to 4·8 million) deaths and 103·1 million (90·8 million 115·1 million) disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2015, representing 7·6% of total global deaths and 4·2% of global DALYs, 59% of these in east and south Asia. Deaths attributable to ambient PM2·5 increased from 3·5 million (95% UI 3·0 million to 4·0 million) in 1990 to 4·2 million (3·7 million to 4·8 million) in 2015. Exposure to ozone caused an additional 254 000 (95% UI 97 000–422 000) deaths and a loss of 4·1 million (1·6 million to 6·8 million) DALYs from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in 2015… Table 2, 2015 estimates of mortality and disability-adjusted life-years attributable to ambient particulate matter pollution and population-weighted mean particulate matter pollution in the world's ten most populous countries… Deaths in thousands … China 1108.1 , India 1090.4, USA 88.4, Indonesia 78.6, Brazil 52.3, Pakistan 135.1, Nigeria 50.9, Bangladesh 122.4, Russia 136.9, Japan 60.6 ” [Editor: the sum of East Asia and South Asia = 2,516,600 = 59.9% of total global deaths from ambient particulate matter pollution] (Aaron J Cohen, Michael Brauer et al., “Estimates and 25-year trends of the global burden of disease attributable to ambient air pollution: an analysis of data from the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2015”,The Lancet, April 2017: http://thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)30505-6/fulltext - see Table 2, “2015 estimates of mortality and disability-adjusted life-years attributable to ambient particulate matter pollution and population-weighted mean particulate matter pollution in the world's ten most populous countries”).

From this recent data can crudely calculate 35,000 Indian deaths per year due to combustion of Adani coal from Australia and 1.36 million Indian deaths over the lifetime of the huge proposed Adani Carmichael coal mine in Queensland, Australia:

The following letter re predicted huge Indian pollution-related deaths from the Australia-approved proposed Adani coal mine has been sent by the editor of this website to Australian MPs, media, activists etc (April 2017):

Dear etc ,

The anti-science, neoliberal, pro-coal and Trumpist Australian COALition Government and the Labor Opposition both support long-term domestic fossil fuel use and unlimited fossil fuel exports, and ignore the deadly impact of pollutants (PM2.5 and NOx) from burning coal. Coal kills as illustrated by the following estimates: (1) 7 million people die globally from the long-term effects of air pollution each year (WHO), including about 1,000,000 Indians (half from coal burning for power), 200,000 Americans, 10,000 Australians and 9,000 Londoners, with several million people dying annually from the long-term effects of coal burning pollutants, (2) 75,000 people die annually from pollutants from the burning of Australian coal exports, and (3) it is estimated that a further 13,000 people will eventually die annually from the burning of proposed Adani Australian coal exports with 500,000 people, mostly Indians, dying thus from the lifetime operation of the proposed Adani coal mine that also threatens Australia’s desperately ill Great Barrier Reef.

DARA estimates that 0.4 million people presently die from climate change annually, but this may be a huge under-estimate because 17 million people already die avoidably each year from deprivation in tropical or sub-tropical Developing World countries (minus China) that are already disproportionately impacted by man-made climate change. Presently 20 million people are facing famine and mass starvation in war- , climate change- and drought-impacted northern Nigeria, South Sudan, Somalia and Yemen. Two top climate change scientists have estimated that as few as 0.5 billion people will survive this century if climate change is not requisitely addressed, this translating to a Climate Genocide involving the untimely deaths of about 10 billion people this century. It is now too late to avoid a catastrophic plus 2 degree Centigrade temperature rise but decent people are obliged to do everything they can to make the future “less bad” for future generations e.g. by urging and applying boycotts, divestment and sanctions (BDS) against and voting out ecocidal and homicidal climate criminals.

Yours sincerely, Dr Gideon Polya, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

See Gideon Polya, “Pollutants from Adani coal mine will eventually kill 0.5 million Indians”, Countercurrents, 14 April 2017: http://www.countercurrents.org/2017/04/14/pollutants-adani-coal-mine-will-eventually-kill-about-0-5-million-indians/ ; “Stop air pollution deaths”: https://sites.google.com/site/300orgsite/stop-air-pollution-deaths ; “Climate Genocide”: https://sites.google.com/site/climategenocide/ ; "Too late to avoid global warming catastrophe": https://sites.google.com/site/300orgsite/too-late-to-avoid-global-warming ; Gideon Polya, “Humanity must pledge inescapable dispossession and custodial retribution for climate criminals”, Countercurrents, 20 December 2016: http://www.countercurrents.org/2016/12/20/humanity-must-pledge-inescapable-dispossession-and-custodial-retribution-for-climate-criminals/ .

INDONESIA. 78,600 Indonesian deaths annually that are attributable to ambient particulate matter pollution: Cohen, Brauer et al. (2017): “Ambient PM2·5 was the fifth-ranking mortality risk factor in 2015. Exposure to PM2·5 caused 4·2 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 3·7 million to 4·8 million) deaths and 103·1 million (90·8 million 115·1 million) disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2015, representing 7·6% of total global deaths and 4·2% of global DALYs, 59% of these in east and south Asia. Deaths attributable to ambient PM2·5 increased from 3·5 million (95% UI 3·0 million to 4·0 million) in 1990 to 4·2 million (3·7 million to 4·8 million) in 2015. Exposure to ozone caused an additional 254 000 (95% UI 97 000–422 000) deaths and a loss of 4·1 million (1·6 million to 6·8 million) DALYs from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in 2015… Table 2, 2015 estimates of mortality and disability-adjusted life-years attributable to ambient particulate matter pollution and population-weighted mean particulate matter pollution in the world's ten most populous countries… Deaths in thousands … China 1108.1 , India 1090.4, USA 88.4, Indonesia 78.6, Brazil 52.3, Pakistan 135.1, Nigeria 50.9, Bangladesh 122.4, Russia 136.9, Japan 60.6 ” [Editor: the sum of East Asia and South Asia = 2,516,600 = 59.9% of total global deaths from ambient particulate matter pollution] (Aaron J Cohen, Michael Brauer et al., “Estimates and 25-year trends of the global burden of disease attributable to ambient air pollution: an analysis of data from the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2015”,The Lancet, April 2017: http://thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)30505-6/fulltext - see Table 2, “2015 estimates of mortality and disability-adjusted life-years attributable to ambient particulate matter pollution and population-weighted mean particulate matter pollution in the world's ten most populous countries”).

JAPAN. 60,600 Japanese deaths annually that are attributable to ambient particulate matter pollution: Cohen, Brauer et al. (2017): “Ambient PM2·5 was the fifth-ranking mortality risk factor in 2015. Exposure to PM2·5 caused 4·2 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 3·7 million to 4·8 million) deaths and 103·1 million (90·8 million 115·1 million) disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2015, representing 7·6% of total global deaths and 4·2% of global DALYs, 59% of these in east and south Asia. Deaths attributable to ambient PM2·5 increased from 3·5 million (95% UI 3·0 million to 4·0 million) in 1990 to 4·2 million (3·7 million to 4·8 million) in 2015. Exposure to ozone caused an additional 254 000 (95% UI 97 000–422 000) deaths and a loss of 4·1 million (1·6 million to 6·8 million) DALYs from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in 2015… Table 2, 2015 estimates of mortality and disability-adjusted life-years attributable to ambient particulate matter pollution and population-weighted mean particulate matter pollution in the world's ten most populous countries… Deaths in thousands … China 1108.1 , India 1090.4, USA 88.4, Indonesia 78.6, Brazil 52.3, Pakistan 135.1, Nigeria 50.9, Bangladesh 122.4, Russia 136.9, Japan 60.6 ” [Editor: the sum of East Asia and South Asia = 2,516,600 = 59.9% of total global deaths from ambient particulate matter pollution] (Aaron J Cohen, Michael Brauer et al., “Estimates and 25-year trends of the global burden of disease attributable to ambient air pollution: an analysis of data from the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2015”,The Lancet, April 2017: http://thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)30505-6/fulltext - see Table 2, “2015 estimates of mortality and disability-adjusted life-years attributable to ambient particulate matter pollution and population-weighted mean particulate matter pollution in the world's ten most populous countries”).

LONDON (UK). Urbs.London report (2015): “Experts from the Environmental Research Group at Kings College developed new methods to quantify the effects of NO2 in the study carried out for the Greater London Authority and Transport for London [2015 population 8.6 million]. It is thought to be the first study to capture NO2 related deaths. Previous estimates were based on the damage caused by small particles in the air caused by pollution, so called PM2.5. A study in 2008 calculated these caused more than 4,000 deaths a year. The new study revises that figure down to 3,537, but the addition of 5,879 deaths attributed to NO2 has dramatically increased the estimated death rate [to circa 9,400 per year]” (“Nearly 9,500 deaths a year – study reveals impact of air pollution”, Urbs.London, 15 July 2015: http://urbs.london/nearly-9500-deaths-a-year-study-reveals-impact-of-air-pollution/).

King’s College London report on air pollution in London for the London and the Greater London Authority (2015): “New estimate of the NO2 burden (long-term exposure): (Section 2.1).Whilst much less certain than for PM2.5, the total mortality burden of long-term exposure to NO2 is estimated to be up to 88,113 life-years lost, equivalent to 5,879 deaths at typical ages (assuming the WHO value of up to a 30% overlap between the effects of PM2.5and NO2). Some of this effect may be due to other traffic pollutants. Can these effects be added? (Section 2.1).The total mortality burden in 2010 from PM2.5and NO2 can be added to give a range from the 52,630 life-years lost, equivalent to 3,537 deaths at typical ages from PM2.5 alone (if only including the most established effects) to as much as 140,743 life-years lost, equivalent to 9,416 deaths at typical ages (assuming a 30% overlap between the effects of PM2.and NO2 and comparing with a zero concentration of NO2). This potentially increases the estimated total mortality burden [for the year 2010] considerably, compared with both the previous IOM and PHE reports” ( Heather Walton, David Dajnak, Sean Beevers, Martin Williams, Paul Watkiss and Alistair Hunt (King’s College London), “Understanding the Health Impacts of Air Pollution in London. For: Transport for London and the Greater London Authority”, 14 July 2015: https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/understanding-the-health-impacts-of-air-pollution-in-london . ) .

[Editor’s note: 18 million Australians (or 75% of Australia ‘s 2015 population of 24 million) live in urban areas and translating the London pollution-related mortality data to urban Australia corresponds to 9,416 deaths x 18 million/ 8.6 million = 19,707 or about 20,000 urban Australian deaths annually from air pollution.]

NEW ZEALAND. G.W. Fisher et al.(2002): “The most likely estimate of the number of people above 30 years of age who experience pre-mature mortality in New Zealand due to exposure to emissions of PM10 particulates from vehicles is 399 per year (with a 95% confidence range of 241-566 people). This compares with 970 people above age 30 experiencing pre-mature mortality due to particulate pollution from all sources (including burning for home heating), and with 502 people dying from road accidents (all ages)” (G.W. Fisher et al., “Health effects due to motor vehicle pollution in New Zealand. Report to the Ministry of Transport ”, 20 January 2002: http://www.transport.govt.nz/assets/Import/Documents/health-effects-of-vehicle-emissions.pdf ).

NIGERIA. 135,100 Nigerian deaths annually that are attributable to ambient particulate matter pollution: Cohen, Brauer et al. (2017): “Ambient PM2·5 was the fifth-ranking mortality risk factor in 2015. Exposure to PM2·5 caused 4·2 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 3·7 million to 4·8 million) deaths and 103·1 million (90·8 million 115·1 million) disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2015, representing 7·6% of total global deaths and 4·2% of global DALYs, 59% of these in east and south Asia. Deaths attributable to ambient PM2·5 increased from 3·5 million (95% UI 3·0 million to 4·0 million) in 1990 to 4·2 million (3·7 million to 4·8 million) in 2015. Exposure to ozone caused an additional 254 000 (95% UI 97 000–422 000) deaths and a loss of 4·1 million (1·6 million to 6·8 million) DALYs from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in 2015… Table 2, 2015 estimates of mortality and disability-adjusted life-years attributable to ambient particulate matter pollution and population-weighted mean particulate matter pollution in the world's ten most populous countries… Deaths in thousands … China 1108.1 , India 1090.4, USA 88.4, Indonesia 78.6, Brazil 52.3, Pakistan 135.1, Nigeria 50.9, Bangladesh 122.4, Russia 136.9, Japan 60.6 ” [Editor: the sum of East Asia and South Asia = 2,516,600 = 59.9% of total global deaths from ambient particulate matter pollution] (Aaron J Cohen, Michael Brauer et al., “Estimates and 25-year trends of the global burden of disease attributable to ambient air pollution: an analysis of data from the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2015”,The Lancet, April 2017: http://thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)30505-6/fulltext - see Table 2, “2015 estimates of mortality and disability-adjusted life-years attributable to ambient particulate matter pollution and population-weighted mean particulate matter pollution in the world's ten most populous countries”).

PAKISTAN. 135,100 Pakistani deaths annually that are attributable to ambient particulate matter pollution: Cohen, Brauer et al. (2017): “Ambient PM2·5 was the fifth-ranking mortality risk factor in 2015. Exposure to PM2·5 caused 4·2 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 3·7 million to 4·8 million) deaths and 103·1 million (90·8 million 115·1 million) disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2015, representing 7·6% of total global deaths and 4·2% of global DALYs, 59% of these in east and south Asia. Deaths attributable to ambient PM2·5 increased from 3·5 million (95% UI 3·0 million to 4·0 million) in 1990 to 4·2 million (3·7 million to 4·8 million) in 2015. Exposure to ozone caused an additional 254 000 (95% UI 97 000–422 000) deaths and a loss of 4·1 million (1·6 million to 6·8 million) DALYs from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in 2015… Table 2, 2015 estimates of mortality and disability-adjusted life-years attributable to ambient particulate matter pollution and population-weighted mean particulate matter pollution in the world's ten most populous countries… Deaths in thousands … China 1108.1 , India 1090.4, USA 88.4, Indonesia 78.6, Brazil 52.3, Pakistan 135.1, Nigeria 50.9, Bangladesh 122.4, Russia 136.9, Japan 60.6 ” [Editor: the sum of East Asia and South Asia = 2,516,600 = 59.9% of total global deaths from ambient particulate matter pollution] (Aaron J Cohen, Michael Brauer et al., “Estimates and 25-year trends of the global burden of disease attributable to ambient air pollution: an analysis of data from the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2015”,The Lancet, April 2017: http://thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)30505-6/fulltext - see Table 2, “2015 estimates of mortality and disability-adjusted life-years attributable to ambient particulate matter pollution and population-weighted mean particulate matter pollution in the world's ten most populous countries”).

RUSSIA. 136,900 Russian deaths annually that are attributable to ambient particulate matter pollution: Cohen, Brauer et al. (2017): “Ambient PM2·5 was the fifth-ranking mortality risk factor in 2015. Exposure to PM2·5 caused 4·2 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 3·7 million to 4·8 million) deaths and 103·1 million (90·8 million 115·1 million) disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2015, representing 7·6% of total global deaths and 4·2% of global DALYs, 59% of these in east and south Asia. Deaths attributable to ambient PM2·5 increased from 3·5 million (95% UI 3·0 million to 4·0 million) in 1990 to 4·2 million (3·7 million to 4·8 million) in 2015. Exposure to ozone caused an additional 254 000 (95% UI 97 000–422 000) deaths and a loss of 4·1 million (1·6 million to 6·8 million) DALYs from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in 2015… Table 2, 2015 estimates of mortality and disability-adjusted life-years attributable to ambient particulate matter pollution and population-weighted mean particulate matter pollution in the world's ten most populous countries… Deaths in thousands … China 1108.1 , India 1090.4, USA 88.4, Indonesia 78.6, Brazil 52.3, Pakistan 135.1, Nigeria 50.9, Bangladesh 122.4, Russia 136.9, Japan 60.6 ” [Editor: the sum of East Asia and South Asia = 2,516,600 = 59.9% of total global deaths from ambient particulate matter pollution] (Aaron J Cohen, Michael Brauer et al., “Estimates and 25-year trends of the global burden of disease attributable to ambient air pollution: an analysis of data from the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2015”,The Lancet, April 2017: http://thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)30505-6/fulltext - see Table 2, “2015 estimates of mortality and disability-adjusted life-years attributable to ambient particulate matter pollution and population-weighted mean particulate matter pollution in the world's ten most populous countries”).

UNITED KINGDOM. Guardian report (2015): “The death toll from air pollution, usually put at around 29,000 a year in the UK, could be substantially higher because the lethal effect of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), emitted during fossil fuel burning, has not been taken into account, experts believe. Until now, only deaths linked to fine particles, less than 2.5mm in diameter (PM2.5) have been estimated. In cities, these come primarily from cars, lorries and buses but they are also produced by the burning of wood, heating oil or coal for domestic or industrial purposes, or in forest fires… Dr Heather Walton, senior lecturer in environmental health at King’s College London, said that the relative risks of PM2.5 and NO2 were similar. In the UK, scientists work on a 6% rise in mortality for a 10 microgramme per cubic metre increase in the PM2.5 concentration. The WHO’s health risks of air pollution in Europe (HRAPIE) report put the equivalent mortality increase for NO2 at 5.5%.” (see Sarah Bosely,, “Air pollution may cause more UK deaths than previously thought, say scientists”, The Guardian, 2 April 2015: http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/apr/02/air-pollution-may-cause-more-uk-deaths-than-previously-thought-say-scientists ).

[Editor’s note: translating the revised London pollution-related mortality data that take NO2 into account (see LONDON (UK) above) could revise annual UK air pollution deaths upwards to 29,000 x 9,416/3,537 = 77,202 or about 77,000 and could revise annual European air pollution deaths upwards to 500,000 x 9,416/3,537 = 1.3 million].

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. Report from 84-Nobel –Laureate Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) (2013): “Researchers from MIT’s Laboratory for Aviation and the Environment have come out with some sobering new data on air pollution’s impact on Americans’ health. The group tracked ground-level emissions from sources such as industrial smokestacks, vehicle tailpipes, marine and rail operations, and commercial and residential heating throughout the United States, and found that such air pollution causes about 200,000 early deaths each year. Emissions from road transportation are the most significant contributor, causing 53,000 premature deaths, followed closely by power generation, with 52,000” (see “Air pollution causes 200,000 early death s each year in the U.S.”, MIT Laboratory for Aviation and the Environment, 29 August 2013: http://lae.mit.edu/air-pollution-causes-200000-early-deaths-each-year-in-the-u-s/ ).

88,400 American deaths yearly attributable to ambient particulate matter pollution: Cohen, Brauer et al. (2017): “Ambient PM2·5 was the fifth-ranking mortality risk factor in 2015. Exposure to PM2·5 caused 4·2 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 3·7 million to 4·8 million) deaths and 103·1 million (90·8 million 115·1 million) disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2015, representing 7·6% of total global deaths and 4·2% of global DALYs, 59% of these in east and south Asia. Deaths attributable to ambient PM2·5 increased from 3·5 million (95% UI 3·0 million to 4·0 million) in 1990 to 4·2 million (3·7 million to 4·8 million) in 2015. Exposure to ozone caused an additional 254 000 (95% UI 97 000–422 000) deaths and a loss of 4·1 million (1·6 million to 6·8 million) DALYs from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in 2015… Table 2, 2015 estimates of mortality and disability-adjusted life-years attributable to ambient particulate matter pollution and population-weighted mean particulate matter pollution in the world's ten most populous countries… Deaths in thousands … China 1108.1 , India 1090.4, USA 88.4, Indonesia 78.6, Brazil 52.3, Pakistan 135.1, Nigeria 50.9, Bangladesh 122.4, Russia 136.9, Japan 60.6 ” [Editor: the sum of East Asia and South Asia = 2,516,600 = 59.9% of total global deaths from ambient particulate matter pollution] (Aaron J Cohen, Michael Brauer et al., “Estimates and 25-year trends of the global burden of disease attributable to ambient air pollution: an analysis of data from the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2015”,The Lancet, April 2017: http://thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)30505-6/fulltext - see Table 2, “2015 estimates of mortality and disability-adjusted life-years attributable to ambient particulate matter pollution and population-weighted mean particulate matter pollution in the world's ten most populous countries”).

WORLD. The authoritative World Health Organization (WHO) in reporting that 7 million people die each year from air pollution that is overwhelmingly due to indoor or outdoor air pollution from carbon fuel burning with roughly half dying from indoor air pollution from cooking or heating: “After analysing the risk factors and taking into account revisions in methodology, WHO estimates indoor air pollution was linked to 4.3 million deaths in 2012 in households cooking over coal, wood and biomass stoves. The new estimate is explained by better information about pollution exposures among the estimated 2.9 billion people living in homes using wood, coal or dung as their primary cooking fuel, as well as evidence about air pollution's role in the development of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, and cancers. In the case of outdoor air pollution, WHO estimates there were 3.7 million deaths in 2012 from urban and rural sources worldwide. Many people are exposed to both indoor and outdoor air pollution. Due to this overlap, mortality attributed to the two sources cannot simply be added together, hence the total estimate of around 7 million deaths in 2012” (see World Health Organization (WHO), “7 million premature deaths annually linked to air pollution”: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2014/air-pollution/en/ ).

(B) Expert and science-informed opinions on air pollution deaths.

FILLMORE. Nick Fillmore ( a freelance journalist based in Toronto who specializes in environmental issues; a senior producer with the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation for 30 ; a founder and former president of the Canadian Association of Journalists) (2015): “During the hour that it took the world's elite G7 politicians discussing climate change to wander through an enchanting meadow of flowers in Germany's Bavarian Alps earlier this week, at least 800 people died prematurely from the impact of air pollution, most of it caused by the burning of non-renewable fossil fuels. Wanting to show the world – particularly voters at home – that they care about the seven-million people a year dying from various pollution and carbon related causes, the leaders of the world's richest countries, including Canada, signed a joint declaration calling for a global phasing-out of fossil fuels 85 years from now. It's unlikely that, during their deliberations in the picturesque Schloss Elmau at the foot of Germany's highest mountain, anyone at the Summit reflected on the World Health Organization's (WHO) report of a year ago that said in 2012 around seven million people died – one in eight of total global deaths – as a result of air pollution exposure” (Nick Fillmore, “Tackle 7-million air pollution deaths”, Truthout, 12 June 2015: http://www.truth-out.org/speakout/item/31358-g7-false-commitments-won-t-help-us-tackle-7-million-air-pollution-deaths ).

CLIMATE GENOCIDE ACT NOW. “Climate Genocide Act Now (2016): “Over ten years ago the Trade Union movement fought for the introduction of legislation to tackle the number of employees being killed at work. Employer’s groups worked hard to delay and undermine the legislation but the Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007 was enacted. When they knew what was coming, directors decided they didn’t want to end up in prison and suffer heavy fines so they transformed safety procedures at work, saving lives on building sites, down tunnels, etc. The legislation was a success. We are working to bring forward a private member's Bill in 2017, “The Climate Genocide Bill”. Business leaders will fight this hard but we will win. We will enact legislation to criminalise those who kill others by expanding polluting activities and industries. The legislation will include provisions for the seizure of the proceeds of “climate crime” – those profits that are derived from industries that kill” (“Climate Genocide Act Now”, Facebook, 15 April 2016: https://www.facebook.com/ClimateGenocideAct/ ).

INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND (IMF). The International Monetary Fund (IMF) mitigation of climate change report (September 2019): “Limiting global warming to 2°C or less requires policy measures on an ambitious scale, such as an immediate global carbon tax that will rise rapidly to $75 a ton of CO2 in 2030… The shift from fossil fuels will not only transform an economy but also profoundly change the lives of households, businesses, and communities. Importantly, the shift would generate additional and immediate domestic environmental benefits, such as lower mortality from air pollution (725,000 fewer premature deaths in 2030 for a $75 a ton tax for G20 countries alone)… The average price on global emissions is currently $2 a ton, a tiny fraction of what is needed for the 2°C target” (International Monetary Fund (IMF), “Fiscal Monitor: how to mitigate climate change”. Executive Summary”, September 2019: file:///C:/Users/Gideon/AppData/Local/Temp/execsum-6.pdf .

[Editor: Assuming such a Carbon Tax could be rapidly implemented by all the G20 countries, lives saved in the period 2020-2030 would average 362,000 per year and thus total 4.0 million. However in response to the Australian ABC query “Would Australia accept a global Carbon Tax?” the Australian Coalition Government simply and emphatically replied “No” . If all of the G20 followed Australia’s example then they would be complicit in a Climate Genocide in which 4 million people would die prematurely from carbon pollution in 2020-2030. Presently each year 7 million people die from air pollution (World Health Organization, WHO), this including about 10,000 Australians and 75,000 dying from the effects of pollutants from the burning of Australia’s world leading coal exports.

The 4 million Climate Genocide carnage is of the same order as the carnage of the WW2 Jewish Holocaust (5-6 million deaths from violence or imposed deprivation) and the WW2 Bengali Holocaust (6-7 million Indians starved to death for strategic reasons by the British with Australian complicity) but about 10 times less than deaths in the WW2 European Holocaust (30 million Slavs, Jews and Roma killed), the WW2 Chinese Holocaust (35 million Chinese killed under the Japanese, 1937-1945), and 40 million Asian deaths from violence or imposed deprivation in Australian Coalition-backed, post-1950 US Asian wars (see “ Stop air pollution deaths”: https://sites.google.com/site/300orgsite/stop-air-pollution-deaths and “Climate Genocide”: https://sites.google.com/site/climategenocide/ ).]

MIT LABORATORY FOR AVIATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT. Report from 84-Nobel –Laureate Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) (2013): “Researchers from MIT’s Laboratory for Aviation and the Environment have come out with some sobering new data on air pollution’s impact on Americans’ health. The group tracked ground-level emissions from sources such as industrial smokestacks, vehicle tailpipes, marine and rail operations, and commercial and residential heating throughout the United States, and found that such air pollution causes about 200,000 early deaths each year. Emissions from road transportation are the most significant contributor, causing 53,000 premature deaths, followed closely by power generation, with 52,000” (see “Air pollution causes 200,000 early death s each year in the U.S.”, MIT Laboratory for Aviation and the Environment, 29 August 2013: http://lae.mit.edu/air-pollution-causes-200000-early-deaths-each-year-in-the-u-s/ ).

OBAMA. US President Barack Obama announcing his Clean Power Plan on 3 August 2015: “With this Clean Power Plan, by 2030, carbon pollution from our power plants will be 32 percent lower than it was a decade ago. And the nerdier way to say that is that we’ll be keeping 870 million tons of carbon dioxide pollution out of our atmosphere…By 2030, we will reduce premature deaths from power plant emissions by nearly 90 percent -- and thanks to this plan, there will be 90,000 fewer asthma attacks among our children each year” (see Barack Obama, “Remarks by the president in announcing the Clean Power Plan”, White House, 3 August 2015: https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2015/08/03/remarks-president-announcing-clean-power-plan ).

[Editor’s note: Obama recognizes the seriousness of man-made climate change and pollution-based premature deaths (avoidable deaths) but he deceptively and mendaciously offers too little too late by 2030 – in effect, a derisory 5% reduction in overall greenhouse gas (GHG) pollution, a 9% reduction in premature deaths from coal-fired power plant pollution and a 1% decrease in child asthma attacks. Thus “When a revised natural gas leakage contribution to total GHG pollution is re-assessed, US total annual GHG pollution is revealed as 10,343.3 million tonnes CO2-e [2] and the Obama Clean Power Plan's 501 million tonnes CO2-e savings in 2030 will be only a 501 x 100/ 10,343.3 = a 4.8% reduction i.e. about a 5% reduction of what it would otherwise be. Noting that an estimated 52,000 Americans die annually from power generation pollutants [8], making the same assumptions as above, the maximum decrease in energy-linked, carbon burning pollutant-related deaths in 2030 would be 501 x 52,000/ 5,523 = 4,717 or only about 4,700 fewer carbon burning-related deaths per year in 2030 or a reduction of only 9% (rather than Obama’s claimed “90%”, assuming Obama was referring to annual premature deaths), noting that this is a naïve upper estimate because it may take decades for the pollution exposure to result in mortality. One notes that the pro-gas Obama plan ignores the deaths from carbon burning pollutants from carbon burning other than coal burning for electricity. Thus MIT researchers from have estimated 53,000 untimely deaths annually in the US from vehicle exhaust fine carbon particulates (PM 2.5 ) as compared to a total of 200,000 such American deaths annually from PM 2.5 particulates [ 8]. One notes that PM 2.5 particulates are a significant pollutant from gas-fired power plants (that are nevertheless much cleaner than coal-fired plants in relation to toxic pollutants) [9] and that the WHO has found no threshold for adverse effects of such fine carbon particulates [10]” (see Gideon Polya, “Obama's Clean Power Plan Will Only Cut 2030 US Greenhouse Gas Pollution By 5%”, Countercurrents, 7 August, 2015: http://www.countercurrents.org/polya070815.htm )].

POLYA. Dr Gideon Polya (2015): “the 3 key existential threats facing Humanity are nuclear weapons, climate change and poverty. Nuclear weapons can destroy all of Humanity with a nuclear terrorist rogue states now including (upper estimates of numbers of warheads in brackets) the US (7,315), Russia (8,000), Apartheid Israel (400), France (300), UK (250), China (250), Pakistan (120), India (100), and North Korea (less than 10) [7]. Already each year about 0.5 million people die from climate change [8], and 7 million die from air pollution [9]. In prosperous, educated, advanced Australia about 100 people die annually from heat stress and about 10,000 die from carbon burning pollutants, the breakdown being 5,000 (coal burning) , 2,000 (vehicle exhaust) and 3,000 (other burning) [10]. Poverty kills and each year about 17 million people (half of them children) die avoidably (prematurely) from deprivation or deprivation–exacerbated disease and 1.5 billion people have died thus since 1950 [11]. 10 billion people may perish prematurely (avoidably) this century, or an average of 100 million dying thus each year, if climate change is not requisitely addressed [12]” (Gideon Polya, “Green Left Pope Francis Demands Climate Action “Without Delay” To Prevent Climate “Catastrophe””, Countercurrents, 10 August, 2015: http://www.countercurrents.org/polya100815.htm ).

Dr Gideon Polya on gas-fired power plants (GFPPs) that are much cleaner than coal-fired power plants (CFPPs) in terms of toxic pollutants but are nevertheless still dirty (2013): “Despite the worsening global warming crisis due to ever-increasing greenhouse gas (GHG) pollution, the world is paradoxically experiencing a gas boom and a gas a rush throughout the world. While the world urgently needs to implement 100% renewable energy and concomitantly decrease and eventually cease GHG pollution, massive corporate spin falsely asserts that “gas is clean” and that a first step to a clean energy future is to replace coal burning for power with gas burning. These are extraordinary falsehoods because methane (CH4; a major constituent of natural gas) leaks (2-8% in the US ) and has a Global Warning Potential (GWP) 105 times greater than that of carbon dioxide (CO2) on a 20 year time frame and considering aerosol impacts. Thus, depending upon the degree of gas leakage, burning gas for power can be much dirtier GHG-wise than burning coal…

10. Carbon monoxide (CO) is a highly toxic gas that acts by binding to haemoglobin and thus preventing oxygen (O2) transport from the lungs to tissues [10]. CO in urban areas can approach 10% of the safe level, and a 1000 MW GFPP will emit about 1,400 t CO annually, this emphasizing the need for measurement of ground level CO in the vicinity of existing GFPPs similar to that proposed.

11. Nitrogen oxides (NOx) are major toxic pollutants from GFPPs. Nitric oxide (NO) generated by GFPPs is rapidly converted to NO2 which affects the respiratory system and which with sunlight and volatile organic compounds (VOCs, from coal and oil burning pollution) is involved in photochemical generation of ozone (O3) which is injurious to plant life as well as to human respiration. According to the WHO the safe limit of O3 is 100 µg/m 3 (8-hour mean) [7] but, for example, the Maximum One-Hour Mean Concentration of Ozone in Beijing is 2 times this level [11]. NO at very low levels acts as a signaling compound in animals and plants [10]. The Department of the Environment and Climate Change in New South Wales has determined that “uncontrolled emissions from around 200 MW of [gas-fired] cogeneration would result in the health based nitrogen dioxide goal being exceeded across the [Sydney] CBD” [12, 13].

12. Particulate matter (PM) is generated by GFPPs and CFPPs but gas-fired power plants disproportionately produce fine PM that is of particular concern because it can penetrate deep into the lungs. Thus according to the World Health Organization (WHO) “no threshold for PM has been identified below which no damage to health is observed.” [7] (see Gideon Polya, “Expert Witness Testimony To Stop Gas-Fired Power Plant Installation”, Countercurrents, 14 June, 2013: http://www.countercurrents.org/polya140613.htm ).

POPE FRANCIS. Pope Francis (2015): “20. Some forms of pollution are part of people’s daily experience. Exposure to atmospheric pollutants produces a broad spectrum of health hazards, especially for the poor, and causes millions of premature deaths. People take sick, for example, from breathing high levels of smoke from fuels used in cooking or heating. There is also pollution that affects everyone, caused by transport, industrial fumes, substances which contribute to the acidification of soil and water, fertilizers, insecticides, fungicides, herbicides and agrotoxins in general. Technology, which, linked to business interests, is presented as the only way of solving these problems, in fact proves incapable of seeing the mysterious network of relations between things and so sometimes solves one problem only to create others” (Pope Francis , Encyclical Letter “Laudato si’”, 2015: http://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/encyclicals/documents/papa-francesco_20150524_enciclica-laudato-si.html ).

STOP CLIMATE CRIME. The "Stop Climate Crime" website is an alphabetically-organized compendium of the views of scientists, other professionals and of other human rights activists and climate activists speaking out against climate criminals and against climate crimes - the worsening impact on Humanity and the Biosphere from profit-driven man-made climate change.

According to the Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, "crime" is defined thus:

"1. An act punishable by law, as being forbidden by statute or injurious to the public welfare. (Commonly used only of grave offences.)" and

2. An evil or injurious act; a (grave) offence, a sin."

Considerations of rational risk management, "do unto others as you would have them do unto you" and a peaceful, democratic society demand respect for the rule of law . However whether climate-related actions causing grave injury to other human beings ("climate crimes") are "forbidden by statute" or not, decent, humane people are obliged to speak out, expose the climate crimes and try to stop climate crime.

Peace is the only way but silence kills and silence is complicity. Silence and climate change inaction constitute complicity in climate crimes and climate criminality.

Climate crimes currently involve generation of greenhouse gases (GHGs) - principally carbon dioxide (CO2),

methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) as well as a variety of synthetic GHGs - with resultant global warming through the greenhouse effect and consequent damage to ecosystems, biodiversity and humanity that in the most severe forms amounts to ecosystem destruction (ecocide), mass species extinction (biocide), mass human avoidable mortality through dispossession and deprivation (climate genocide), and overall deadly effects on Humanity and the Biosphere (terracide).

The most fundamental human right is the right to life but already 5 million people die each year worldwide from climate change (0.5 million) and carbon burning (4.5 million) with such deaths set to total 100 million by 2030 [1-4]. Climate genocide may kill 10 billion people this century [3]. Climate homicide, climate murder or climate manslaughter? The current species extinction rate is 100-1,000 times greater than normal [5].

Yet business-as-usual (BAU) climate inaction prevails [4-12]. Thus at current rates of pollution the World may only have FOUR (4) years left before it exceeds the terminal carbon pollution budget of 600 Gt (billion) tonne CO2 that must not be exceeded if we are to have a 75% chance of avoiding a catastrophic 2C temperature rise [12] - ergo, we must stop climate crimes and climate criminals , before it is too late (“Stop climate crime”: https://sites.google.com/site/300orgsite/stop-climate-crime ).

WALTON. Dr Heather Walton, senior lecturer in environmental health at King’s College London, quoted in a Guardian report (2015): “Dr Heather Walton, senior lecturer in environmental health at King’s College London said that the relative risks of PM2.5 and NO2 were similar. In the UK, scientists work on a 6% rise in mortality for a 10 microgramme per cubic metre increase in the PM2.5 concentration. The WHO’s health risks of air pollution in Europe (HRAPIE) report put the equivalent mortality increase for NO2 at 5.5%.” (see Sarah Bosely,, “Air pollution may cause more UK deaths than previously thought, say scientists”, The Guardian, 2 April 2015: http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/apr/02/air-pollution-may-cause-more-uk-deaths-than-previously-thought-say-scientists ).

WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO). The World Health Organization (WHO) in reporting that 7 million people die each year from air pollution that is overwhelmingly due to indoor or outdoor air pollution from carbon fuel burning with roughly half dying from indoor air pollution from cooking or heating: “After analysing the risk factors and taking into account revisions in methodology, WHO estimates indoor air pollution was linked to 4.3 million deaths in 2012 in households cooking over coal, wood and biomass stoves. The new estimate is explained by better information about pollution exposures among the estimated 2.9 billion people living in homes using wood, coal or dung as their primary cooking fuel, as well as evidence about air pollution's role in the development of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, and cancers. In the case of outdoor air pollution, WHO estimates there were 3.7 million deaths in 2012 from urban and rural sources worldwide. Many people are exposed to both indoor and outdoor air pollution. Due to this overlap, mortality attributed to the two sources cannot simply be added together, hence the total estimate of around 7 million deaths in 2012” (see World Health Organization (WHO), “7 million premature deaths annually linked to air pollution”: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2014/air-pollution/en/ ).

War is the penultimate in racism and genocide the ultimate in racism. It is very powerful to quote expert opinion. Thus eminent physicist Stephen Hawking on the key existential threats facing Humanity (2018): “We see great peril if governments and societies do not take action now to render nuclear weapons obsolete and to prevent further climate change” (Stephen Hawking, “Brief Answers to the Big Questions”, John Murray, 2018, Chapter 7). Most of the following websites alphabetically list expert opinions in 4 inter-connected key areas, namely “Reverse climate change”, “Stop lying and censorship”, “End war and genocide”, and “Free Palestine”, Everyone is invited to make use of this substantial resource and to feel free to disseminate this list to everyone they can.

REVERSE CLIMATE CHANGE

“1% on 1%: one percent annual wealth tax on One Percenters”: https://sites.google.com/site/300orgsite/1-on-1 .

“2 degrees C”: https://sites.google.com/site/300orgsite/2-degrees-c .

“100% renewable energy by 2020”: https://sites.google.com/site/100renewableenergyby2020/ .

“300 ppm CO2 ASAP: https://sites.google.com/site/300orgsite/300-ppm-co2-asap .

“2011 climate change course”: https://sites.google.com/site/300orgsite/2011-climate-change-course .

“300.org”: . https://sites.google.com/site/300orgsite/300-org .

“300.org climate crisis glossary”: https://sites.google.com/site/climategenocide/300-org-climate-crisis

“300.org – return atmosphere CO2 to 300 ppm CO2”: https://sites.google.com/site/300orgsite/300-org---return-atmosphere-co2-to-300-ppm .

“Are we doomed?”: https://sites.google.com/site/300orgsite/are-we-doomed .

“Banyule Climate Action Now”: https://sites.google.com/site/banyuleclimateactionnow/ .

“Biofuel Genocide”: https://sites.google.com/site/biofuelgenocide/ .

“Carbon Debt Carbon Credit”: https://sites.google.com/site/carbondebtcarboncredit/ .

“Climate crisis articles”: https://sites.google.com/site/climatecrisisarticles/home .

“Climate Genocide”: https://sites.google.com/site/climategenocide/ .

“Climate Justice & Intergenerational Equity”: https://sites.google.com/site/300orgsite/climate-justice .

"Climate Revolution Now": https://sites.google.com/site/300orgsite/climate-revolution .

“Cut carbon emissions 80% by 2020”: https://sites.google.com/site/cutcarbonemissions80by2020/ .

“Divest from fossil fuels”: https://sites.google.com/site/300orgsite/divest-from-fossil-fuels .

“Eco-socialism, green socialism”: https://sites.google.com/site/ecosocialismgreensocialism/

“Gas is not clean energy”: https://sites.google.com/site/gasisnotcleanenergy/ .

“Methane bomb threat”: https://sites.google.com/site/methanebombthreat/ .

“Nuclear weapons ban, end poverty & reverse climate change”: https://sites.google.com/site/300orgsite/nuclear-weapons-ban .

“Older people and climate change”: https://sites.google.com/site/olderpeopleandclimatechange/home .

“Science and economics experts: carbon tax needed and not carbon trading”, 300.org: https://sites.google.com/site/300orgsite/sciennce-economics-experts-carbon-tax-needed-not-carbon-trading .

“Stop air pollution deaths”: https://sites.google.com/site/300orgsite/stop-air-pollution-deaths .

“Stop climate crime”: https://sites.google.com/site/300orgsite/stop-climate-crime .

"Too late to avoid global warming catastrophe": https://sites.google.com/site/300orgsite/too-late-to-avoid-global-warming .

“Yarra Valley Climate Action Group”: https://sites.google.com/site/yarravalleyclimateactiongroup/Home .

STOP LYING & CENSORSHIP

“ABC censorship”: https://sites.google.com/site/abccensorship/abc-censorship .

“ABC fact-checking unit & incorrect reportage by the ABC (Australia’s BBC)”: https://sites.google.com/site/mainstreammediacensorship/abc-fact-checking-unit .

“Boycott Murdoch media”: https://sites.google.com/site/boycottmurdochmedia/ .

“Censorship by ABC Late Night Live”: https://sites.google.com/site/censorshipbyabclatenightlive/ .

"Censorship by ABC Saturday Extra": https://sites.google.com/site/censorshipbyabclatenightlive/censorship-by-abc-sat .

“Censorship by the ABC”: https://sites.google.com/site/censorshipbytheabc/ .

“Censorship by Crikey (Australia)”: https://sites.google.com/site/mainstreammediacensorship/censorship-by-crikey .

“Censorship by SBS (Australia)”: https://sites.google.com/site/mainstreammediacensorship/censorship-by-sbs-australia .

“Censorship by The Age”: https://sites.google.com/site/mainstreammediacensorship/censorship-by-the-age .

“Censorship by the BBC”: https://sites.google.com/site/censorshipbythebbc/ .

“Censorship by The Conversation”: https://sites.google.com/site/mainstreammediacensorship/censorship-by .

"Censorship by The Guardian Australia": https://sites.google.com/site/mainstreammediacensorship/home/censorship-by-the-guardian-a .

"Censorship by The Guardian UK": https://sites.google.com/site/mainstreammediacensorship/censorship-by-the-guardian-uk .

“Educational apartheid”: https://sites.google.com/site/educationalapartheid/ .

“Experts: US did 9/11”: https://sites.google.com/site/expertsusdid911/ .

“Expose holocaust denial & ignoring”: https://sites.google.com/site/exposeholocaustdenialignoring/Home .

“Exposing Australia”: https://sites.google.com/site/exposingaustralia/home .

“Free university education” : https://sites.google.com/site/freeuniversityeducation/home

“Lying by omission”: https://sites.google.com/site/mainstreammedialying/lying-by-omission .

“Mainstream media censorship”: https://sites.google.com/site/mainstreammediacensorship/home .

“Mainstream media lying”: https://sites.google.com/site/mainstreammedialying/ .

“Questions Q&A won’t ask”: https://sites.google.com/site/questionsqawontask/home .

“Subversion of Australia”: https://sites.google.com/site/subversionofaustralia/home .

END WAR AND GENOCIDE

“Aboriginal Genocide”: https://sites.google.com/site/aboriginalgenocide/ .

“Afghan Holocaust, Afghan Genocide”: https://sites.google.com/site/afghanholocaustafghangenocide/ .

“Iraqi Holocaust, Iraqi Genocide”: https://sites.google.com/site/iraqiholocaustiraqigenocide/ .

“Afghanistan Genocide essays”: https://sites.google.com/site/afghanistangenocideessays/ .

“Art for peace, planet, mother & child”: https://sites.google.com/site/artforpeaceplanetmotherchild/ .

“Bengali Holocaust (WW2 Bengal Famine) writings of Gideon Polya”: https://sites.google.com/site/drgideonpolya/bengali-holocaust .

“Gideon Polya”: https://sites.google.com/site/drgideonpolya/home .

“Gideon Polya writing”: https://sites.google.com/site/gideonpolyawriting/ .

“Iraq Genocide essays”: https://sites.google.com/site/iraqgenocideessays/ .

“Muslim Holocaust Muslim Genocide”: http://sites.google.com/site/muslimholocaustmuslimgenocide/ .

“Poetry reviews by Gideon Polya”: https://sites.google.com/site/poetryreviewsbygideonpolya/ .

“Report genocide”: https://sites.google.com/site/reportgenocide/ .

"State crime and non-state terrorism": https://sites.google.com/site/statecrimeandnonstateterrorism/ .

“Stop state terrorism”: https://sites.google.com/site/stopstateterrorism/ .

FREE PALESTINE

Apartheid Israeli state terrorism: (A) individuals exposing Apartheid Israeli state terrorism, and (B) countries subject to Apartheid Israeli state terrorism”: https://sites.google.com/site/palestiniangenocide/apartheid-israeli-state-terrorism .

“Boycott Apartheid Israel”: https://sites.google.com/site/boycottapartheidisrael/.

“Gaza Concentration Camp”: https://sites.google.com/site/palestiniangenocide/gaza-concentration .

“Jews Against Racist Zionism”: https://sites.google.com/site/jewsagainstracistzionism/ .

“Non-Jews Against Racist Zionism”: https://sites.google.com/site/nonjewsagainstracistzionism/ .

“One-state solution, unitary state, bi-national state for a democratic, equal rights, post-apartheid Palestine: https://sites.google.com/site/boycottapartheidisrael/one-state-solution .

“Palestinian Genocide”: https://sites.google.com/site/palestiniangenocide/ .

“Palestinian Genocide essays”: https://sites.google.com/site/palestinegenocideessays/ .

"Zionist quotes re racism and Palestinian Genocide": https://sites.google.com/site/palestiniangenocide/zionist-quotes .